Data as of 2026-09-06 · weekly record run 2026-09-06 (point-in-time database) · 106 current indicators across 7 signal classes
How to read this briefing — the one-minute versionwhat the method is and why it matters (not this week's news)
What this is. A weekly dashboard of about 85 indicators that follow AI demand from the end user back to the silicon wafer: who
is using and paying for AI (Penetration), how tight supply is (Supply-Demand), how much hardware is shipping (Downstream: chips and
servers, power and optics, data centers), what upstream capacity is being built (Semicon Upstream Supply) and how it is being paid for
(Funding). Each indicator aggregates company, customs, price and survey series recorded weekly in an append-only database.
Why it matters. AI capex is the largest investment cycle in technology today, and single data points (one earnings print, one
customs month) are noisy and often contradictory. Reading many links of the chain together shows where the cycle is
accelerating or stalling, whether a move is confirmed by related links, and which bottleneck (power, memory, packaging, funding)
binds next — months before it shows in consolidated earnings.
How to read it in one minute.
Takeaways first — each one compares indicators across classes and names the next data point that would confirm or refute it.
Bubble charts (one per class): X = latest change, Y = the indicator's own average change over the past year. Blue zone (right
of the dashed diagonal) = accelerating vs its own norm; orange zone (left) = decelerating. Bubble size = share of the
global total covered; colour = Grade (how much to trust it). Orange dashed rings = deep-dives. Grey dashed bubbles = one-off or basis
change with no comparable figure — shown, but ignored.
Grade (1–5) = importance, signal-to-noise and source reliability combined. Grade 1–2 is context only.
Changes are like-for-like. Every change is checked for definition, member and unit changes; lumpy or event-driven series are
compared as rolling windows (e.g. last 3 months vs the 3 before), widened automatically when a series keeps swinging.
Market view: CIQ consensus shows where the street expects capex and supplier revenue to go and how that path is being revised;
the stock heatmap shows how the market is pricing each link of the chain.
Click anything — a bubble, a table cell, a name — for the indicator card: (A) definition and formula, (B) grading, (C) charts and numbers.
Methodology and definitionsaggregation, rolling windows, basis and direction checks, Grade / SNR / Scope
The briefing reads 106 aggregated indicators of AI adoption and its supply chain. Each indicator is built bottom-up from
raw company, customs, price and survey series recorded weekly in an append-only database (no values are ever overwritten).
Indicators are grouped into seven signal classes: Penetration (is AI being used and paid for), Supply-Demand
(tightness and pricing), three Downstream-hardware classes (Semi & ODM; Peripherals — power and optics; Data Center),
Semicon Upstream Supply (equipment, parts and fab capex — the capacity that arrives 2–4 quarters out) and Funding (capex, cash
flow, debt, private funding).
Aggregation. Revenue-type indicators sum member companies after multiplying each by its estimated AI share and
converting to USD at the period-average FX rate. A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to
4 weeks / 2 months / 1 quarter (never for flows such as issuance or bookings); a period counts only when ≥80% of the weight is
present (≥50% reported, not carried). Every card shows the exact formula.
Change. Latest reading vs the prior reading of the same indicator. Event-type and very volatile indicators use a
rolling window, recomputed every period and compared with the previous non-overlapping window: weekly flows (debt issuance,
private funding) = trailing 12 weeks vs the 12 weeks before; lumpy monthly series (bond issuance, customs values, export orders,
TSMC / ODM / switch revenue) = trailing 3 months vs the 3 months before (6 vs 6 for hyperscaler bond issuance and transformer imports); lumpy quarterly series (colocation bookings, AI venture funding) = trailing 2 quarters vs the 2 before (4 vs 4 for Microsoft lease
signings). Screen: std of period changes ≥ 12% with sign flips in ≥ 40% of periods
(≥ 25% / 50% for quarterly), or an event-type flow. For indicators whose level is itself a growth rate the change is in
percentage points (pp).
One-off events and basis mixes. When a move is driven by a single event (e.g. one 200 MW lease) or by mixing
two definitions, a comparable basis is looked for first (e.g. retail + interconnection bookings only; the same revenue definition
in both quarters) and that like-for-like change is used, with the reported one in the hover. Where no comparable exists, the
bubble and the chart points are greyed (dashed outline) and explained on hover / click, and the move is left out of the tables,
highlights and takeaways.
Adaptive windows. On top of the rolling rule, a window is widened automatically (monthly 3 → 6, quarterly 2 → 4, weekly
4 → 12 → 26) when the series' per-period growth still swings by more than 12% / 18% / 10% and keeps reversing direction (sign flips
in ≥ 40% of periods); the card says so under "Comparison window". Level series are averaged over the window, flows are summed.
1-yr average change = mean of the changes over the past 12 months (for rolling-window indicators, the non-overlapping
windows only). Changes above +1,000% (growth off a near-zero base) are left out of the average.
Momentum. |change| ≤ 3% = Flat. Same direction and larger than both the prior change and the 1-yr average =
Accelerating (or Falling faster); same direction but smaller = Rising (slower) / Falling (narrowing); opposite direction
to the prior change = Turned up / Turned down.
Chart windows. Every line chart spans the same fixed calendar window: the past three years, whatever the frequency. The line connects every available reading; a period without a reading is
bridged (hover shows "No reading"), and a series simply starts later if it did not exist yet.
Why it is important (section B). Each card places the indicator on a 12-link AI supply chain (materials and passives → equipment →
foundry → memory → chips → networking → servers → power → data centres → cloud → models → adoption, with capital underneath), and states how
much of that link it covers and whether it leads or lags.
Weekly view = indicators whose latest reading is new or revised compared with the database as it stood one week
before 2026-09-06 (point-in-time: readings recorded before the database went live are dated by their scheduled release, so a
back-dated briefing only uses what was public then); the takeaways compare with that snapshot, with a toggle to the snapshot four weeks earlier;
monthly view = every indicator whose latest reading is still current, with unrolled weekly series compared as last 4 weeks
vs the prior 4.
Highlight / deep-dive rule (per class, monthly view): distance from the dashed diagonal
d = slog(latest change) − slog(1-yr average change). Highlighted when |d| ≥ 0.6 (moving far faster or slower than its own norm)
or when d is ≥ 0.45 away from the class median (moving against the rest of its class). Grade ≥ 3 with enough history only; at most
4 per class, at least 2.
Consensus. Forward quarters (dashed, shaded) are S&P Capital IQ consensus means aggregated with the same members and AI
shares. The grey solid line over past quarters is the final consensus before each report (member value × consensus ÷ actual), so the
gap to the actual line is the beat or miss. Grey dashed lines show the forward path as recorded one week and one month earlier (weekly
snapshot log). FCF consensus = CFO consensus − capex consensus.
AI major news. 5–10 events a week from the newsletter / research inbox and the daily news notes, kept only when they
involve a major player or a major country / region and materially change AI business, applications or cost; pure number prints
(results, monthly revenue, trade data) are left to the indicators. Each is scored like an indicator — Importance, Scope (share of the
chain link affected), Reliability (5 = filing / official release … 1 = rumour); News grade = 0.4 × Importance + 0.3 × Scope + 0.3 ×
Reliability, same thresholds, capped at the weaker of Scope / Reliability + 1. "Related indicator recent changes" gives each linked
indicator's latest change before the event and its first reading after it.
Stock-price heatmap. Equal-weighted local-currency price change of listed companies in ten links of the chain (config:
briefing_equity_baskets.json), vs one week, one month, one quarter and 31-Dec. It shows how the market is pricing each link, which can
lead or contradict the fundamental indicators.
Tag
Meaning
Scale
Grade
Overall trust in the indicator as an AI signal: 0.4 × importance + 0.3 × SNR + 0.3 × reliability
(Penetration and Funding: 0.5 × SNR + 0.5 × reliability), −0.5 if scope < 10%, capped at the weaker of SNR / reliability + 1.
Thresholds: ≥4.4 → 5, ≥3.7 → 4, ≥3.0 → 3, ≥2.3 → 2.
1–5; 1–2 shown grey and not discussed in the main text
Importance
How directly the series reads AI demand or supply (5 = the AI spend or AI product itself).
1–5
SNR
Signal-to-noise: how much of a typical move reflects AI demand/supply rather than seasonality,
FX, one-off deals, disclosure timing or non-AI business in the same line item.
1 (mostly noise) – 5 (clean)
Reliability
Source quality: audited filings and official statistics score high; media-reported or
estimated figures score low.
1–5
Scope
Share of the global total of that link in the chain that the indicator covers. Drives bubble size.
% of global
Data as of 2026-09-06. Database and indicator definitions: AI_Adoption_Tracking/ai-adoption-db-refresh (readings_log.csv,
registry/); page: AI_Adoption_Tracking/ai-adoption-weekly-output. Bubble charts use a symmetric-log axis so that +150% and +5% moves are
both readable; exact values are in the hover and click panels.
One-minute takeaways
Compared with the database as it stood on 2026-08-30: XXX indicators with a new or revised reading (XXX Grade 3–5).
A busy week of new prints: servers and power equipment accelerate. US server imports rose 18% in July (from +15% in June) and transformer imports 12% (from +3%). Both now run above their 1-yr averages (18% and 7%), so AI hardware is landing faster than in the spring.
Data-centre building steps up, and none of it sits empty. North American capacity under construction is 7,481 MW for 2026, +25% after −6% in 2025, with vacancy at a record-low 1.4%. Anthropic's reported 14.8GW of compute deals and SB Energy's 10GW Ohio campus are not in the data yet; expect higher compute backlog (+14% in Q2) and frontier DC capacity.
Upstream now accelerates as fast as midstream. SEMI global equipment billings rose 11% QoQ to $40.5bn in Q2 (from +1% in Q1), in line with front-end tool revenue (+10%) and fab capex (+38%). US fab construction still shrinks (−2%): the money is going into tools and existing shells, not new buildings.
Custom chips: Nvidia now funds the ASIC chain too. Taiwan ASIC design revenue was already +83% in July (1-yr avg +20%), concentrated in one 3nm ramp. Nvidia's $3.5bn MediaTek investment and NVLink tie-up widens that base; the indicator will show it only gradually, starting with Taiwan August revenue on 10 Sep.
Funding stays open, but the riskiest credit pays more. Hyperscaler bond issuance fell 6.5% to $119bn in August while BBB (98bp) and high-yield (270bp) spreads barely moved, yet the CCC spread widened from 983bp to 1,026bp. Equity filled in: the neocloud basket rose 11%, and Nscale's planned IPO (contracted revenue doubled to $103bn) would show in Q3 neocloud equity.
Early signs from the news: suppliers are funding their customers' demand. Nvidia put $3bn into SB Energy's OpenAI-leased campus and SB Energy gave OpenAI warrants worth about $5.5bn; no indicator tracks such vendor financing. NVIDIA strategic stakes (+18% in Q2) in its next quarterly filing and a further widening of the CCC spread (1,026bp) would confirm rising dependence on it.
What to watch next. Taiwan August revenue on 10 Sep (TSMC, ODMs, Accton, Alchip/GUC, CCL and MLCC makers); grid-equipment PPI (14 Sep); tool exports (15 Sep); Taiwan export orders and ERCOT large loads (20 Sep); Japan equipment billings (25 Sep); the September CCC spread.
ΔWhat changed in the database since 2026-08-30XXX indicators · then vs now
XXX of 106 current indicators have a new or revised latest reading since the database on 2026-08-30 (XXX Grade 3–5). Change = latest change of the indicator (vs its own prior period / window) as the database showed it then and now; click a row for its card.
Indicator
Database on 2026-08-30
Database on 2026-09-06
AI-Server Rails + BMCSemi & ODM · G5 · Revised
+37.7%Jul-26 · $125mn
+36.7%Jul-26 · $125mn
DRAM Contract GuidanceSupply-Demand · G4 · New reading
−32.0ppMar-26 · 60.5%
+0.0ppJun-26 · 60.5%
N. America DC Under Constr.Data Center · G4 · New reading
−5.6%2025 · 5,994
+24.8%2026 · 7,481
N. America DC VacancySupply-Demand · G4 · New reading
−26.3%2025 · 1.40%
+0.0%2026 · 1.40%
Global Equipment BillingsSemicon Upstream · G4 · New reading
+0.8%1Q26 · $36.5bn
+10.9%2Q26 · $40.5bn
US Transformer ImportsPeripherals · G4 · New reading
+3.0%Jun-26 · $2.1bn
+11.5%Jul-26 · $2.3bn
Neocloud Equity BasketFunding · G4 · New reading
+6.9%23 Aug · 161
+11.4%30 Aug · 162
US Server ImportsSemi & ODM · G4 · New reading
+15.0%Jun-26 · $75.8bn
+18.4%Jul-26 · $84.1bn
US DC ConstructionData Center · G4 · New reading
+7.7%Jun-26 · $70.8bn
+6.2%Jul-26 · $75.2bn
AI Hyperscaler Bond IssuanceFunding · G3 · New reading
+68.6%Jul-26 · $139bn
−6.5%Aug-26 · $119bn
AI-Infra Debt IssuanceFunding · G3 · New reading
−59.7%23 Aug · $41.9bn
−18.9%30 Aug · $46.3bn
LLM SDK npm downloadsPenetration · G3 · New reading
+2.9%23 Aug · 68,420,507 downloads/wk
+14.6%30 Aug · 78,428,275 downloads/wk
BBB credit spreadFunding · G3 · New reading
+4.3%Jul-26 · 97.00 bp
+1.0%Aug-26 · 98.00 bp
US fab constructionSemicon Upstream · G3 · New reading
−4.3%Jun-26 · $52.4bn
−2.1%Jul-26 · $51.3bn
High-yield spreadFunding · G3 · New reading
+0.4%Jul-26 · 274 bp
−1.5%Aug-26 · 270 bp
CCC spreadFunding · G3 · New reading
+3.3%Jul-26 · 983 bp
+4.4%Aug-26 · 1,026 bp
Copper PriceSemicon Upstream · G3 · New reading
+0.3%Jun-26 · $13,552.04
−0.1%Jul-26 · $13,542.82
AI framework npm downloadsPenetration · G3 · New reading
+5.4%23 Aug · 25,287,117 downloads/wk
+5.5%30 Aug · 26,686,463 downloads/wk
2 Grade 1–2 indicatorslow signal
Indicator
Database on 2026-08-30
Database on 2026-09-06
OpenRouter TokensPenetration · G2 · New reading
+23.9%23 Aug · 93T
+21.0%30 Aug · 113T
US hosting jobs (BLS)Data Center · G2 · New reading
+0.2%Jul-26 · 461 thousands
−1.7%Aug-26 · 453 thousands
→Next prints (21 days, Grade 3–5)when the picture can change next
Next print
Indicator
Thu 10 SepChina CAC
China GenAI FilingsPenetration · G5
Thu 10 SepTSMC, TSMC HPC Platform Revenue
TSMC HPC RevenueSemi & ODM · G5
Thu 10 SepASPEED, King Slide
AI-Server Rails + BMCSemi & ODM · G5
Thu 10 SepAccton
Accton Switch RevenuePeripherals · G4
Thu 10 SepAsia Vital Components, Auras
TW Power & Cooling Rev.Peripherals · G4
Thu 10 SepAll Ring Tech, C Sun
TW Packaging Tool RevenueSemicon Upstream · G4
Thu 10 SepFoxsemicon, Gudeng Precision
TW Tool Parts RevenueSemicon Upstream · G4
Thu 10 SepITEQ
TW CCL Makers RevenueSemicon Upstream · G4
Thu 10 Sep~10 Sep 26
TW ABF Substrate RevenueSemicon Upstream · G4
Thu 10 SepAlchip, Global Unichip
TW ASIC Design RevenueSemi & ODM · G3
Compared with the database as it stood on 2026-08-09: XXX indicators with a new or revised reading (XXX Grade 3–5).
Taiwan's July prints accelerated across most of the chain. TSMC HPC revenue +25% (from +23%), AI-server rails and BMC +37% (from +15%), ASIC design +83% (from +43%) and Accton switches +41% (from +36%). The two laggards are ODM assembly (+12%, from +18%) and power and cooling (+2%, from +10%).
Q2 results reset the spending picture upward. Hyperscaler capex rose 22% to $172bn and cloud AI revenue was revised to +17% (from +13%), but free cash flow was revised to −$7.3bn from −$3.9bn. Capex now absorbs 97% of operating cash, and compute backlog reached $1.24tn (+14%).
Memory tightened through the month. SK hynix inventory days fell from 133 to 123 (−8%) as memory-maker revenue rose 55% QoQ; Taiwan DRAM maker revenue accelerated to +38% (from +6%) and Korean chip exports turned to +18% (from −13%). TrendForce's latest DRAM guide is still +60.5%, so prices keep rising fast.
Upstream turned: tools and materials accelerate, inventories fall. Global equipment billings +11%, Japan billings +7% (from −2%), Taiwan packaging tools +19% (from +8%); CCL inventory days fell from 80 to 75 while CCL revenue rose 42%. Exceptions: tool exports (−6.5%, May) and Taiwan tool parts (−5%, from +20%) still lag fab capex.
Outside money grows faster than hyperscaler debt, and banks ease. NVIDIA's strategic stakes rose from $43bn to $51bn and Q2 neocloud equity reached $13.6bn (+347%), while hyperscaler bond issuance turned down (−6.5%). Banks eased Q2 standards on business loans (net tightening 8.1% to 0%) and construction loans (4.9% to −3.7%); only the CCC spread widened, to 1,026bp.
Early signs from the news: new memory supply, strained campus execution. CXMT began small-volume HBM3E, with volume expansion in 2027; a cooler DRAM contract guide (+60.5% in June) and rising SK hynix inventory days (123) would confirm it. SpaceX replaced data-centre leaders after sites ran without backup power and cooling; slower monthly frontier DC capacity additions would confirm delays.
What to watch next. Taiwan August revenue (10 Sep) for ODM and power-cooling re-acceleration; tool exports (15 Sep) to see whether tools catch up with fab capex; Taiwan export orders (20 Sep) for whether July's +20% electronics orders hold; Japan billings (25 Sep); the September CCC spread for whether credit stress spreads.
ΔWhat changed in the database since 2026-08-09XXX indicators · then vs now
XXX of 106 current indicators have a new or revised latest reading since the database on 2026-08-09 (XXX Grade 3–5). Change = latest change of the indicator (vs its own prior period / window) as the database showed it then and now; click a row for its card.
TW Memory Module RevenueSupply-Demand · G3 · New reading
+43.4%Jun-26 · $589mn
+39.1%Jul-26 · $654mn
AI PCB & Inputs RevenueSemicon Upstream · G3 · New reading
+23.6%Jun-26 · $522mn
+27.2%Jul-26 · $583mn
Virginia Commercial Power (YoY)Data Center · G3 · New reading
+8.3%May-26 · 7,234 GWh
+4.8%Jun-26 · 7,771 GWh
BBB credit spreadFunding · G3 · New reading
+4.3%Jul-26 · 97.00 bp
+1.0%Aug-26 · 98.00 bp
US Worker GenAI UsePenetration · G3 · New reading
+6.6%1Q26 · 43.4%
+4.1%2Q26 · 45.2%
US fab constructionSemicon Upstream · G3 · New reading
−4.3%Jun-26 · $52.4bn
−2.1%Jul-26 · $51.3bn
High-yield spreadFunding · G3 · New reading
+0.4%Jul-26 · 274 bp
−1.5%Aug-26 · 270 bp
TW server-interface chip revPeripherals · G3 · New reading
+1.9%Jun-26 · 10,843 NT$ mn
+3.8%Jul-26 · 10,997 NT$ mn
TW MLCC Makers RevenueSemicon Upstream · G3 · New reading
+16.8%Jun-26 · $242mn
+18.6%Jul-26 · $257mn
US electricity priceSupply-Demand · G3 · New reading
+1.0%Jun-26 · $0.20
−0.5%Jul-26 · $0.20
US PPI semiconductorsSupply-Demand · G3 · New reading
−1.2%Jun-26 · 29.9
−2.7%Jul-26 · 29.1
TW cable & connector revPeripherals · G3 · New reading
+8.5%Jun-26 · 15,553 NT$ mn
+9.7%Jul-26 · 17,068 NT$ mn
CCC spreadFunding · G3 · New reading
+3.3%Jul-26 · 983 bp
+4.4%Aug-26 · 1,026 bp
ERCOT Large-Load ApprovalsData Center · G3 · New reading
−0.3%Apr-26 · 9.0
+0.6%May-26 · 9.1
AI framework npm downloadsPenetration · G3 · New reading
+4.9%02 Aug · 22,601,643 downloads/wk
+5.5%30 Aug · 26,686,463 downloads/wk
US PPI hostingSupply-Demand · G3 · New reading
+0.5%Jun-26 · 124
+1.1%Jul-26 · 125
Copper PriceSemicon Upstream · G3 · New reading
+0.3%Jun-26 · $13,552.04
−0.1%Jul-26 · $13,542.82
US semi output (IP)Semi & ODM · G3 · New reading
+1.8%Jun-26 · 188
+1.5%Jul-26 · 190
7 Grade 1–2 indicatorslow signal
Indicator
Database on 2026-08-09
Database on 2026-09-06
Tool Shipments → TaiwanSemicon Upstream · G2 · New reading
+13.0%May-26 · $2.4bn
+37.8%Jun-26 · $2.9bn
OpenRouter TokensPenetration · G2 · New reading
−2.2%02 Aug · 57T
+21.0%30 Aug · 113T
Samsung Inventory DaysSupply-Demand · G2 · New reading
+5.6%1Q26 · 102 days
+21.9%2Q26 · 124 days
TW chassis & rack revPeripherals · G2 · New reading
+19.6%Jun-26 · 10,363 NT$ mn
+35.5%Jul-26 · 11,266 NT$ mn
VNET committed MWData Center · G2 · New reading
+2.5%1Q26 · 869
+11.6%2Q26 · 970
US hosting jobs (BLS)Data Center · G2 · New reading
+0.2%Jul-26 · 461 thousands
−1.7%Aug-26 · 453 thousands
Claude co-authored commitsPenetration · G1 · New reading
−0.1%02 Aug · 2,736,127
+6.2%16 Aug · 2,781,154
Indicator summaryTables 1–2 and bubble charts, weekly / monthly view
20 indicators in the weekly view. Each cell = share of that signal class (count). Click a cell to list its indicators.
Table 1 — Size of the latest change, by signal class
Penetration
Supply-Demand
Semi & ODM
Peripherals
Data Center
Semicon Upstream
Funding
All
≤ −10%
·
·
·
·
·
·
17% (1)
5% (1)
−10% to −3%
·
·
·
·
·
·
17% (1)
5% (1)
Flat (±3%)
·
100% (2)
·
·
33% (1)
67% (2)
33% (2)
35% (7)
+3% to +20%
67% (2)
·
50% (1)
100% (1)
33% (1)
33% (1)
33% (2)
40% (8)
≥ +20%
33% (1)
·
50% (1)
·
33% (1)
·
·
15% (3)
Indicators (#)
3
2
2
1
3
3
6
20
Table 2 — Momentum, by signal class
Penetration
Supply-Demand
Semi & ODM
Peripherals
Data Center
Semicon Upstream
Funding
All
Accelerating
67% (2)
·
100% (2)
100% (1)
·
33% (1)
17% (1)
35% (7)
Rising (slower)
33% (1)
·
·
·
33% (1)
·
·
10% (2)
Turned up
·
·
·
·
33% (1)
·
17% (1)
10% (2)
Flat
·
100% (2)
·
·
33% (1)
67% (2)
33% (2)
35% (7)
Turned down
·
·
·
·
·
·
17% (1)
5% (1)
Falling (narrowing)
·
·
·
·
·
·
17% (1)
5% (1)
Falling faster
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
·
Indicators (#)
3
2
2
1
3
3
6
20
Figure 3 — Latest change vs its own 1-yr average, one chart per signal class
Grade 1–2Grade 3Grade 4Grade 5Bubble size = scope (share of global total)Deep-diveOne-off / basis change (not comparable)Accelerating zoneDecelerating zoneClick a bubble for its card
Penetration
Builders move faster than firms. LLM SDK downloads (+15%) grow several times faster than firm-level adoption (Ramp +1.4%), so usage per adopter is the growth engine.
Enterprise money is visible. Cloud AI revenue was revised up to +17%, and Microsoft's first Azure disclosure ($101.9bn, +40%) adds a hard datapoint for the next print.
Token data lag reality. The US token aggregate slowed to +19% only because OpenAI's leg had no update; Google's own run-rate grew 37%.
Supply-Demand
Memory tightness is inventory-led, not just price-led. SK hynix inventory days fell to 123 while revenue rose 55%: makers are selling from stock.
Capacity is spoken for. 1.4% North American vacancy and a $1.24tn compute backlog mean new MW are sold before completion.
Power costs creep, not spike. Grid-equipment PPI +2.8% and electricity prices flat (−0.5%): pricing pressure sits in hardware, not in power bills yet.
Downstream HW: Semi & ODM
Custom silicon is the fastest-growing chip leg. Taiwan ASIC design revenue (+83%) outgrows TSMC HPC (+25%), and Broadcom's $115bn 2027 guide says the trend extends.
Assembly is the bottleneck in the data, not demand. ODM revenue slowed to +12% while chip and rail/BMC inputs accelerated; Dell and Foxconn point to a pickup in the August-September prints.
Downstream HW: Peripherals (power, optics)
Networking outruns compute. Accton switches (+41%) and DC networking (+32%) grow faster than ODM assembly (+12%): scale-out spending rises per rack.
Power gear is capacity-limited. Power-generation equipment +14% and transformer imports +12%, but turbine backlog of 116 GW against 20 GW a year of output caps how fast it can grow.
Downstream HW: Data Center
Building and leasing diverge. Construction rises (+25% MW, +6% spending) while colocation bookings fell 4% QoQ: hyperscalers and labs build or contract directly.
Big contracts now come from labs. Anthropic's $35bn, 350 MW Lambda deal is the kind of commitment the capacity trackers will only register when the site is energised.
Semicon Upstream Supply
Board materials are the tightest upstream link. CCL revenue +42% with inventory days down 7%, and TSMC itself named ABF substrate as the binding constraint.
Fab spending runs ahead of tool shipments. Fab capex +38% versus tool exports −6.5%: clean rooms are ready first, so tool deliveries should catch up in coming prints.
New fabs are not the driver. US fab construction is still falling (−2%), so upstream growth comes from equipping existing shells for 2nm, CoWoS and HBM.
Funding
Free cash flow is now negative. Group FCF of −$7.3bn, led by Alphabet and Meta, means each extra capex dollar needs outside funding.
Equity and vendor money replace bonds at the margin. Bond issuance fell 6.5% while NVIDIA stakes (+18%) and neocloud equity grew; Nvidia's SB Energy and MediaTek stakes extend supplier financing of demand.
Credit is open at the top but fraying at the bottom. Banks eased business and construction-loan standards in Q2 and BBB and high-yield spreads are flat, but the CCC spread widened 4.4% in August, where stress shows first.
106 indicators in the monthly view. Each cell = share of that signal class (count). Click a cell to list its indicators.
Table 1 — Size of the latest change, by signal class
Penetration
Supply-Demand
Semi & ODM
Peripherals
Data Center
Semicon Upstream
Funding
All
≤ −10%
6% (1)
·
·
·
8% (1)
·
12% (2)
4% (4)
−10% to −3%
·
6% (1)
·
·
8% (1)
15% (3)
18% (3)
8% (8)
Flat (±3%)
6% (1)
44% (7)
14% (2)
9% (1)
17% (2)
20% (4)
12% (2)
18% (19)
+3% to +20%
50% (8)
25% (4)
36% (5)
45% (5)
42% (5)
40% (8)
35% (6)
39% (41)
≥ +20%
38% (6)
25% (4)
50% (7)
45% (5)
25% (3)
25% (5)
24% (4)
32% (34)
Indicators (#)
16
16
14
11
12
20
17
106
Table 2 — Momentum, by signal class
Penetration
Supply-Demand
Semi & ODM
Peripherals
Data Center
Semicon Upstream
Funding
All
Accelerating
44% (7)
6% (1)
50% (7)
64% (7)
17% (2)
50% (10)
18% (3)
35% (37)
Rising (slower)
44% (7)
38% (6)
29% (4)
9% (1)
42% (5)
·
35% (6)
27% (29)
Turned up
·
6% (1)
7% (1)
18% (2)
8% (1)
15% (3)
6% (1)
8% (9)
Flat
6% (1)
44% (7)
14% (2)
9% (1)
17% (2)
20% (4)
12% (2)
18% (19)
Turned down
6% (1)
6% (1)
·
·
17% (2)
5% (1)
12% (2)
7% (7)
Falling (narrowing)
·
·
·
·
·
·
6% (1)
1% (1)
Falling faster
·
·
·
·
·
10% (2)
12% (2)
4% (4)
Indicators (#)
16
16
14
11
12
20
17
106
Figure 3 — Latest change vs its own 1-yr average, one chart per signal class
Grade 1–2Grade 3Grade 4Grade 5Bubble size = scope (share of global total)Deep-diveOne-off / basis change (not comparable)Accelerating zoneDecelerating zoneClick a bubble for its card
Penetration
Builders move faster than firms. LLM SDK downloads (+15%) grow several times faster than firm-level adoption (Ramp +1.4%), so usage per adopter is the growth engine.
Enterprise money is visible. Cloud AI revenue was revised up to +17%, and Microsoft's first Azure disclosure ($101.9bn, +40%) adds a hard datapoint for the next print.
Token data lag reality. The US token aggregate slowed to +19% only because OpenAI's leg had no update; Google's own run-rate grew 37%.
Supply-Demand
Memory tightness is inventory-led, not just price-led. SK hynix inventory days fell to 123 while revenue rose 55%: makers are selling from stock.
Capacity is spoken for. 1.4% North American vacancy and a $1.24tn compute backlog mean new MW are sold before completion.
Power costs creep, not spike. Grid-equipment PPI +2.8% and electricity prices flat (−0.5%): pricing pressure sits in hardware, not in power bills yet.
Downstream HW: Semi & ODM
Custom silicon is the fastest-growing chip leg. Taiwan ASIC design revenue (+83%) outgrows TSMC HPC (+25%), and Broadcom's $115bn 2027 guide says the trend extends.
Assembly is the bottleneck in the data, not demand. ODM revenue slowed to +12% while chip and rail/BMC inputs accelerated; Dell and Foxconn point to a pickup in the August-September prints.
Downstream HW: Peripherals (power, optics)
Networking outruns compute. Accton switches (+41%) and DC networking (+32%) grow faster than ODM assembly (+12%): scale-out spending rises per rack.
Power gear is capacity-limited. Power-generation equipment +14% and transformer imports +12%, but turbine backlog of 116 GW against 20 GW a year of output caps how fast it can grow.
Downstream HW: Data Center
Building and leasing diverge. Construction rises (+25% MW, +6% spending) while colocation bookings fell 4% QoQ: hyperscalers and labs build or contract directly.
Big contracts now come from labs. Anthropic's $35bn, 350 MW Lambda deal is the kind of commitment the capacity trackers will only register when the site is energised.
Semicon Upstream Supply
Board materials are the tightest upstream link. CCL revenue +42% with inventory days down 7%, and TSMC itself named ABF substrate as the binding constraint.
Fab spending runs ahead of tool shipments. Fab capex +38% versus tool exports −6.5%: clean rooms are ready first, so tool deliveries should catch up in coming prints.
New fabs are not the driver. US fab construction is still falling (−2%), so upstream growth comes from equipping existing shells for 2nm, CoWoS and HBM.
Funding
Free cash flow is now negative. Group FCF of −$7.3bn, led by Alphabet and Meta, means each extra capex dollar needs outside funding.
Equity and vendor money replace bonds at the margin. Bond issuance fell 6.5% while NVIDIA stakes (+18%) and neocloud equity grew; Nvidia's SB Energy and MediaTek stakes extend supplier financing of demand.
Credit is open at the top but fraying at the bottom. Banks eased business and construction-loan standards in Q2 and BBB and high-yield spreads are flat, but the CCC spread widened 4.4% in August, where stress shows first.
The Information estimates Anthropic has signed compute agreements totalling up to $517 billion and at least 14.8 gigawatts since October, on top of 1-2 GW secured earlier.
Deals with SpaceX, Google and neoclouds were made to meet unexpected Claude Code and Cowork demand, pulling forward chip, power and data-centre orders ahead of a possible record IPO.
AI Compute Backlog: before the event +13.9% (2Q26) → no print since (next 27 Oct 26). Larger signed lab commitments lift cloud/neocloud backlog; direction up, shows in next quarterly backlog prints.
Signed Leases Not Started: before the event +34.2% (2Q26) → no print since (next 28 Oct 26). Multi-GW commitments imply more leases signed but not started; direction up, next quarterly filings.
Frontier DC Capacity: before the event +3.9% (Jul-26) → no print since (next 24 Sep 26). Capacity pledges convert to frontier DC MW additions; direction up over coming months.
2026-09-01▲ AcceleratingBusinessSB Energy files US IPO for 10GW Ohio AI campus
What happened
SoftBank's SB Energy filed for a Nasdaq IPO seeking $5-7 billion to fund a 10-gigawatt Ohio data-centre project that OpenAI has leased.
Nvidia commits $3 billion, OpenAI invested $500 million and received warrants valued near $5.5 billion, showing suppliers financing demand to lock in capacity.
Frontier DC Capacity: before the event +3.9% (Jul-26) → no print since (next 24 Sep 26). A 10GW pipeline adds frontier DC capacity; direction up, visible in monthly capacity trackers over 2027.
NVIDIA strategic stakes: before the event +18.0% (2Q26) → no print since (next 19 Nov 26). Nvidia's $3B stake adds to strategic investments; direction up, next NVIDIA 10-Q.
Utility Contracted DC Load: before the event +6.2% (2Q26) → no print since (next 29 Oct 26). Ohio load contracts rise if the campus proceeds; direction up, utility filings next quarter.
Not yet captured by an indicator: Vendor-financed lease guarantees and warrants for AI capacity are not tracked by any indicator.
2026-08-31▲ AcceleratingBusinessNvidia invests $3.5B in MediaTek via convertible bonds
What happened
Nvidia will invest $3.5 billion in MediaTek, reported as convertible bonds, while MediaTek priced $3.9 billion of CBs at a TWD 4,513.75 conversion price.
The deal deepens NVLink collaboration on custom AI chips and PC silicon, widening Nvidia's reach into the ASIC supply chain and funding MediaTek's capacity push.
NVIDIA strategic stakes: before the event +18.0% (2Q26) → no print since (next 19 Nov 26). Adds a $3.5B strategic stake; direction up, next NVIDIA quarterly filing.
TW ASIC Design Revenue: before the event +82.6% (Jul-26) → no print since (next 10 Sep 26). Funding and NVLink access should lift MediaTek ASIC revenue; direction up, Taiwan monthly revenue later.
2026-09-03▲ AcceleratingBusinessNscale contracted revenue doubles to $103B on Anthropic deal
What happened
Nscale told IPO investors its contracted revenue reached about $103 billion after a $45 billion Anthropic computing deal, versus $51 billion before.
Contracts average 5.7 years, implying roughly $18 billion a year versus CoreWeave's 2026 guide above $12 billion; Q2 revenue topped $100 million from $37 million.
AI Compute Backlog: before the event +13.9% (2Q26) → no print since (next 27 Oct 26). Neocloud backlog doubling lifts aggregate AI compute backlog; direction up, next quarterly prints.
Neocloud equity raised: before the event +346.6% (2Q26) → no print since (next 19 Nov 26). A September IPO would add neocloud equity raised; direction up, shows in Q3 data.
2026-08-31▲ AcceleratingCostSLB buys cooling maker Kelvion for $4.1B
What happened
SLB agreed to acquire data-centre cooling company Kelvion for $4.1 billion, moving an oilfield-services major into thermal infrastructure for AI facilities.
The price signals expected multi-year cooling demand growth as rack densities rise, and consolidation of thermal suppliers serving hyperscalers.
Cooling backlog (TT+JCI): before the event +8.8% (2Q26) → no print since (next 29 Oct 26). Strong strategic demand for cooling supports backlog growth at TT and JCI; direction up, next quarterly prints.
TW Power & Cooling Rev.: before the event +1.8% (Jul-26) → no print since (next 10 Sep 26). Thermal demand lifts Taiwan cooling revenue; direction up, monthly sales.
2026-09-03▲ AcceleratingApplicationNvidia agrees to buy Hugging Face for $12.9B
What happened
Nvidia announced it will acquire Hugging Face, with the New York Times reporting a $12.9 billion price, extending its run of large strategic investments.
Owning the main open-model hub ties developers' model distribution to Nvidia's software stack, a defensive move to protect demand for its accelerators.
NVIDIA strategic stakes: before the event +18.0% (2Q26) → no print since (next 19 Nov 26). Adds to Nvidia's strategic deployment of cash; direction up, next quarterly filing.
Not yet captured by an indicator: Open-model hub usage and developer platform control are not tracked.
2026-08-31▲ AcceleratingBusinessCXMT starts small-volume HBM3E production
What happened
CXMT began producing HBM3E in small quantities, one generation behind Samsung, SK hynix and Micron, with significant volume expansion planned for 2027.
It also claimed LPDDR6 mass production; domestic HBM eases China's AI chip constraint and adds a new supplier to a memory market tight through 2027.
DRAM Contract Guidance: before the event +0.0pp (Jun-26) → no print since (next 30 Sep 26). Added Chinese supply could soften DRAM pricing at the margin from 2027; direction slightly down, monthly contract data.
Memory Maker Revenue: before the event +55.4% (2Q26) → no print since (next 30 Sep 26). China memory output lifts CXMT revenue while incumbents' HBM share may erode; quarterly.
2026-08-31▲ AcceleratingCostSpaceX casts turbine blades in-house for DC power
What happened
Musk confirmed SpaceX is casting gas-turbine vanes and blades itself, claiming up to 18 months faster turbine delivery for AI data-centre power.
Turbine component shortages are a binding constraint for gas-fired campuses; vertical integration by a large AI builder may ease supply but is an unverified claim.
Power-Gen Equipment Rev.: before the event +14.2% (2Q26) → no print since (next 21 Oct 26). Turbine demand remains strong while OEMs face a new competitor; ambiguous direction, next quarterly GE Vernova prints.
Power Equip. Backlog: before the event +24.9% (4Q25) → no print since (next 21 Oct 26). Backlog stays elevated until in-house output scales; direction flat to up, quarterly.
2026-09-01◆ MixedBusinessSpaceX replaces data-centre leaders after reliability lapses
What happened
Musk replaced several SpaceX data-centre leaders with rocket and satellite-internet executives after Tennessee and Mississippi sites ran months without backup cooling and power.
SpaceXAI reported $2.6 billion Q2 AI revenue from compute rentals, so demand is strong while the aggressive build-out is straining execution quality.
Frontier DC Capacity: before the event +3.9% (Jul-26) → no print since (next 24 Sep 26). Reliability fixes could delay SpaceX MW energisation; direction slightly down, monthly capacity tracker.
Not yet captured by an indicator: Operational delays and outage risk at new AI campuses are not captured by any indicator.
AI stock-price heatmaphow the market prices each link of the chain — vs last week, month, quarter and YTD
Equal-weighted average price change (local currency, adjusted close) of the listed companies in each link, from semiconductor equipment (left) to AI software (right); latest close 2026-09-04 (each stock's own last close on or before 2026-09-06). Blue = up, orange = down; colour intensity is scaled to the horizon. Click a cell for its stocks.
AI value chain: upstream → downstream (equal-weighted basket, local-currency price change)
Benchmarks
Semi equipment
7 stocks
Foundry & packaging
4 stocks
Memory
4 stocks
AI chips
5 stocks
Networking & optics
9 stocks
Servers & ODM
7 stocks
Power & cooling
7 stocks
Data centers & neoclouds
7 stocks
Hyperscalers
5 stocks
AI software & apps
7 stocks
S&P 500
SOX (semis)
Nasdaq
vs last week
−0.7%
−0.2%
+6.3%
+3.9%
−3.6%
+7.0%
+1.0%
+6.4%
+0.8%
−3.2%
+0.1%
+2.3%
+0.4%
vs last month
−5.1%
+0.1%
+11.3%
+1.2%
−8.5%
+9.9%
−2.2%
−1.0%
+1.1%
+3.7%
−0.1%
−2.3%
+0.5%
vs last quarter
−1.6%
−5.6%
−3.4%
−0.8%
−8.4%
+8.0%
−9.9%
−10.1%
−0.8%
+12.9%
+4.5%
−4.0%
+3.1%
YTD (vs 31-Dec)
+63.6%
+52.6%
+289.2%
+106.1%
+57.3%
+74.2%
+43.1%
+46.4%
+0.0%
+3.2%
+12.8%
+65.7%
+14.0%
Read: Equities partly caught up with fundamentals this week (servers +7%, data centres +6%, memory +6%), but networking (−3.6% week, −8.5% month) and equipment (−5% month) fell even though switch revenue (+41%) and equipment billings (+11%) are among the strongest prints; over the quarter only AI software (+13%) and servers (+8%) rose.
Low-signal moves and basis changesgrey indicators, held-back readings, definition changes
Grade 1–2 indicators (grey bubbles) are not discussed in the main text. Below: what moved, the likely reason, and why the move is probably noise; then higher-grade readings held back, and the definition (basis) changes found in the pre-publication check.
Indicator
Grade
What moved
Likely reason
Why it is probably noise
OpenRouter Tokens
2
+21% to 113tn tokens a week (30 Aug); 1-yr average +8%.
Promotional and free-model traffic swings on a single aggregator.
One routing platform's mix, not paid enterprise demand; weekly series is volatile.
Tool Shipments → Taiwan
2
Tool shipments to Taiwan +38% to $2.86bn (Jun).
A few high-value lithography tools landing in the same months.
Lumpy single-tool deliveries drive the move; equipment vendor revenue is the cleaner read.
Samsung Inventory Days
2
Samsung inventory days +22% QoQ to 125 (2Q26).
Group inventory includes phones, displays and foundry, which can build stock while memory runs lean.
Samsung does not split memory inventory, so the series mixes non-AI businesses.
Colo MW Leased (IRM+APLD)
2
Iron Mountain + Applied Digital MW leased +56% to 635 MW (2Q26).
One or two large campus leases land in a single quarter.
Two operators with lumpy deals; a small slice of global leasing.
GDS China Area Committed
2
GDS China net area committed 114,696 sqm (2Q26); % change not meaningful.
Net figures follow ABS (1Q25) and C-REIT (3Q25) deconsolidations, leaving a near-zero prior base.
Percentage change on a near-zero, deconsolidation-distorted base; gross commitments are not disclosed.
NEXTDC Contracted MW
2
NEXTDC contracted MW +78% to 740 MW (1H26).
Half-yearly stock series that steps up with single large hyperscale contracts.
Irregular disclosure from one Australian operator, a small share of global capacity.
VNET committed MW
2
VNET committed wholesale MW +12% QoQ to 970 MW (2Q26).
Large single wholesale orders from domestic cloud and AI tenants.
One China operator; committed MW is a company-defined, not standard, metric.
US DC projects blocked
2
US DC projects blocked or delayed $68bn in 2Q26, −48% QoQ.
Fewer multi-billion campuses hit local zoning or water disputes this quarter.
A handful of mega-projects dominate each quarter; tracker coverage is partial.
US hosting jobs (BLS)
2
US hosting and data-processing jobs −1.7% m/m to 453k (Aug).
Payrolls in hosting drift as operations automate; monthly BLS sampling noise.
Data centres are capital-, not labour-intensive; the series mostly tracks non-AI staff.
Claude co-authored commits
1
Claude co-authored public commits +6% to 2.78mn a week (16 Aug).
Continued coding-agent use on public repositories.
Third-party dashboard with bot spikes and a stale latest point; public repos only.
TW chassis & rack rev
2
Taiwan chassis and rack revenue +36% to NT$11.3bn (Jul).
Rack shipments for new AI server programmes bunch into a few months.
Small, mixed-use company set; enclosures also serve non-AI servers, so timing dominates.
Frontier DC Capacity
4
Frontier DC capacity 12,535 MW (Jul); change not computed.
The source flagged a definition change and retroactive edits to the dataset.
Vintages are not comparable, so the latest change mixes revisions with real additions.
Basis changes found before publishing
Indicator
What changed
How it is handled
T-Glass Cloth Revenue
2Q26 was first recorded as External revenue (JPY 14,589mn) while earlier quarters are segment revenue incl. intersegment; replaced by the same-definition figure (JPY 18,082mn) on 2026-09-30, so the change is like-for-like
Noted; change comparable
Frontier DC Capacity
epoch_frontier_dc_mw: source flags a definition change.
Change suppressed (not comparable); indicator left out of tables and charts
AI-Infra Debt Issuance
Weeks before 2026-08-30 are rebuilt from a deal list (estimated completeness: hyperscaler bonds ~90%, neocloud HY ~65%, DC ABS/CMBS ~25%, private credit ~45%); from 2026-08-30 weekly record scans. The rolling window straddles the switch until 2026-11-22, so a rise may partly reflect better coverage
Noted; change comparable
Colo Bookings (DLR+EQIX)
One-off: Digital Realty's ~200 MW Charlotte hyperscale lease (1Q26; est. ~$418mn annualized rent at 100% share, not disclosed) inflates every 2-quarter window that contains 1Q26. Like-for-like on the retail + interconnection basis the window is −3.9% (1Q26+2Q26 $1,008mn vs 3Q25+4Q25 $1,049mn); excluding the estimated Charlotte rent from the reported total gives −4.8%.
Like-for-like change used (+23.6% reported → −3.9%)
GDS China Area Committed
The prior two-quarter window is close to zero because GDS reports net area committed after the ABS (1Q25) and C-REIT (3Q25) deconsolidations; a percentage change on a near-zero base is not meaningful and GDS does not disclose gross new commitments.
Change suppressed (not comparable); indicator left out of tables and charts
Deep-dives
Every card is collapsed; click to open. Hover the charts for values and the dated event behind each marked point.
Penetration
US Disclosed Tokens +19.4%2026Q2 · Google API rate re-based; OpenAI print unchanged
AWhy it is importantModels & AI apps · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Models & AI apps — US-disclosed tokens (Google, OpenAI API)
Why it matters
Token volume at the largest US providers sets inference load; growth here drives GPU, memory and power orders upstream.
How representative
Google ~1,300T plus OpenAI API ~260T is ~36% of est. global tokens per month; mainly Google consumer and cloud surfaces plus OpenAI developer traffic.
Timing
Leading — Inference load precedes capacity orders
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly tokens processed by Google and OpenAI's API, based on figures the companies disclose at earnings and events.
Higher = more AI inference running on the two largest US token platforms.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Google Monthly Tokens Processed
tokens T/month
100%
83%
V2
OpenAI API Tokens per Minute
tokens T/month
100%
17%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 3 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
tokens T/month; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-28
Scope
US company-disclosed · Google all-surface tokens (weight 0.83) and OpenAI API tokens (0.17); Microsoft and Fireworks dropped in v8 because they no longer disclose. Share of global total: 36% — 36% of est. global tokens: Google ~1,300T + OpenAI API ~260T = ~1,560T/month vs ~4,300T/month.
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only)
Signal / noise
2.8 / 5
SNR 2.8: Google's definition switched several times and includes AI Overviews and reasoning tokens; OpenAI prints come only at events.
Reliability
3.8 / 5
Reliability 3.8: company statements, not audited filings; OpenAI figures are promotional and 6-12 months apart.
Scope
36%
Covers 36% of global tokens, so it is the largest disclosed block but still not the whole market.
Grade
3 / 5
0.5 × SNR 2.8 + 0.5 × reliability 3.8 = 3.30 → 3
DLine charts and numbers
Components — past 3 years (tokens T/month)
Google Monthly Tokens ProcessedOpenAI API Tokens per Minute
Latest
2026Q2: 1,598 T
Compared with
2026Q1: 1,339 T
Change
+19.4%
1-yr avg change
+80.6% per quarter (3 obs)
Momentum
Rising (slower)
Driver
Google +259T (691T to 950T); OpenAI flat at 648T, so the blended gain fell to 19% from 94%.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: 1,598 T, +19.4% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +80.6% per quarter).
All of the 2026Q2 gain came from Google, whose Gemini API run-rate rose about 37% QoQ (691T to 950T tokens/month); OpenAI's leg was carried flat at 648T because no newer figure was disclosed.
On its 22 Jul 2026 Q2 call Alphabet said developers were pushing more than 22B tokens per minute through Gemini APIs, up from 16B in Q1 and 10B at end-2025, with Cloud revenue up 82% on inference demand.
Blended growth slowed from +94% to +19% mainly because OpenAI's last API disclosure (15B tokens per minute in April 2026, from 6B in October 2025) was already in the Q1 base, so half the aggregate had no update.
The next OpenAI API disclosure is the swing factor: if it keeps its October-to-April pace (about 2.5x in five months), the blended growth rate would re-accelerate well above Q2's 19%.
So what: Google's own leg (+37% QoQ) kept pace with Cloud revenue (+82% YoY), so inference demand is still compounding; the blended slowdown reflects a missing OpenAI update, not weaker usage.
FRecent news
2026-07-22Google said its model APIs now process about 22 billion tokens per minute on the Q2 2026 earnings call, with nearly 500 Cloud customers each above 1 trillion tokens in a year. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +19.4%
METR time horizon +45.3%2026Q2 ·
AWhy it is importantModels & AI apps · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Models & AI apps — Frontier model task length
Why it matters
Longer task horizons make models able to do delegated work, raising the value and compute demand of AI use.
How representative
Frontier models from all major labs on one benchmark, about 90% coverage; software tasks only, running maximum of best model.
Timing
Leading — Capability gains precede adoption and usage
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Length of software task (in human-expert minutes) that the best model released to date completes with 50% success, per METR's time-horizon benchmark.
Higher = agents can handle longer tasks unattended: the capability behind agentic adoption.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in minutes:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
METR benchmark_results_1_1.yaml
minutes
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
minutes; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-04-14
Scope
Global (frontier labs) · Frontier models measured by METR (Time Horizon v1.1); level held until a new frontier measurement. Share of global total: 90% — All major frontier labs.
Importance 4: task length is what turns chat into delegated work.
Signal / noise
3 / 5
SNR 3: few measurements a year; each model release is a step.
Reliability
4 / 5
Reliability 4: independent evaluator, published methodology; v1.1 re-estimated history.
Scope
90%
Frontier capability, not usage.
Grade
3 / 5
0.4 × importance 4 + 0.3 × SNR 3 + 0.3 × reliability 4 = 3.70 → 4, capped at the weaker of SNR / reliability + 1 = 3
DLine charts and numbers
Latest
2026Q2: 1,045 minutes
Compared with
2026Q1: 719 minutes
Change
+45.3%
1-yr avg change
+73.1% per quarter (4 obs)
Momentum
Rising (slower)
Driver
METR benchmark_results_1_1.yaml: 326 minutes (100% of the change)
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: 1,045 minutes, +45.3% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +73.1% per quarter).
The running record moved from Claude Opus 4.6 (about 12 hours, February 2026) to an early Claude Mythos Preview checkpoint at about 17.4 hours (1,045 minutes), a single-model step of +45%.
Anthropic released Mythos Preview on 7 Apr 2026 to a limited set of cybersecurity partners, and METR's evaluation put its 50% horizon at 16+ hours on long autonomous software tasks, above any earlier model.
The step was smaller than Q1's +104% because Opus 4.6 had already doubled the record in February, and only 5 of METR's 228 tasks run 16+ hours, capping what the suite can register.
Records have still landed in most quarters since 2024, roughly doubling every 4-5 months; next readings depend on METR adding longer tasks and scoring newer releases such as GPT-5.6 and Claude Opus 5.5.
So what: Frontier task length (+45% QoQ) grew faster than Google's Gemini API run-rate (+37% QoQ); longer autonomous tasks consume more tokens per job, pushing inference demand ahead of user growth.
FRecent news
2026-07-09OpenAI released GPT-5.6, a new frontier model that could lift the best-to-date METR time horizon. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +45.3%
Supply-Demand
Downstream HW: Semi & ODM
TW ASIC Design Revenue +82.6%2026-07 · Alchip 3nm AI chip mass production ramp
AWhy it is importantAI chips & ASIC · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
AI chips & ASIC — Custom-ASIC design services (Taiwan)
Why it matters
Design houses turn hyperscaler chip specs into silicon; their revenue shows custom-ASIC programs ramping beyond NVIDIA.
How representative
GUC plus Alchip ~25% of custom-ASIC design-service revenue (Broadcom ~60%, Marvell ~13%); a read on the non-NVIDIA accelerator programs.
Timing
Leading — Design and tape-out revenue precedes volume shipments
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Combined monthly revenue of Global Unichip and Alchip, Taiwan's custom AI chip design-service houses.
Higher = more hyperscaler custom ASIC programs taping out or shipping.
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Global Unichip
TWD k
60%
40%
V2
Alchip
TWD k
90%
60%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month average; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · GUC (AI/HPC ~60%) and Alchip (AI ~90%) monthly revenue; Broadcom and Marvell design services excluded. Share of global total: 25% — 25% of custom AI-ASIC design-service revenue; Broadcom ~60% and Marvell ~13% make up the rest.
Comparison window
Auto-widened: compared as single months the reading swung by ±18% per month and kept reversing direction (noise cap 12%); trailing 3 months vs the 3 before cut that to ±6%
Score 4: direct read of custom ASIC programs, but only two Taiwan firms in a market led by Broadcom.
Signal / noise
2 / 5
SNR 2.0: turnkey wafer pass-through and one-off NRE alternate, so months are lumpy; gaps at Trainium2 to 3.
Reliability
5 / 5
Reliability 5.0: statutory monthly filings from the Taiwan exchange, rarely revised.
Scope
25%
Covers ~25% of design-service revenue, so it is a partial sample of the ASIC market.
Grade
3 / 5
0.4 × importance 4 + 0.3 × SNR 2 + 0.3 × reliability 5 = 3.70 → 4, capped at the weaker of SNR / reliability + 1 = 3
DLine charts and numbers
Components — past 3 years (USD mn, trailing 3-month average)
AlchipGlobal Unichip
Latest
2026-07: $218mn
Compared with
2026-04: $119mn
Change
+82.6%
1-yr avg change
+19.7% per window (4 obs)
Momentum
Turned up
Driver
Alchip: $49mn (85% of the change)
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026-07: $218mn, +82.6% vs 2026-04 (1-yr average +19.7% per window).
Alchip drove the move: the 3-month average rose from 119.2 to 217.7, and Alchip's 46.4 to 121.2 is about three quarters of the 98.5 gain, while GUC added about 24; this is concentrated in one program.
Alchip's July revenue doubled to over NT$7.4bn on 10 Aug as its customer's 3nm AI accelerator entered mass production, a new monthly record, with wafer and packaging pass-through lifting sales.
GUC's July sales rose 158% year on year to an all-time high (reported 17 Aug) and its turnkey share passed 80% of revenue, so GUC's contribution is steadier but smaller.
Alchip guided Q3 to another record on 14 Aug despite gross-margin pressure, so the 3-month figure should keep rising through August data; the turning point is when the 3nm ramp plateaus.
So what: ASIC design-service revenue has doubled on one 3nm ramp; the supply signal is real, but a single-customer program concentrates the risk.
FRecent news
2026-08-10Alchip July revenue doubled to over NT$7.4 billion as 3nm AI chip mass production set a new monthly record. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +82.6%
2026-08-14Alchip's Q2 revenue rose 82.6% as the N3 AI accelerator ramped, and it guided a record Q3. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +82.6%
2026-08-17Global Unichip hit an all-time high as July sales surged 158% year on year. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +82.6%
Downstream HW: Peripherals (power, optics)
Accton Switch Revenue +40.6%2026-07 · Accton AI switch demand and 1.6T ramp
AWhy it is importantNetworking & optics · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Networking & optics — White-box 800G switch maker
Why it matters
Accton supplies white-box Ethernet switches to hyperscalers; monthly sales show Ethernet AI fabric build-out speed.
How representative
Accton ~50% of white-box switches; white-box ~30% of AI Ethernet switching, so ~15% of the link. A single-company read, but monthly and early.
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of Accton, Taiwan's main white-box data center switch maker.
Higher = more 800G Ethernet switches shipped into AI and cloud data centers.
Formula
Xt = Vt
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in USD mn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Accton
TWD k
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Accton monthly revenue only; Arista, Cisco and other white-box makers excluded. AI share set at 100%. Share of global total: 15% — 15% of AI Ethernet switching: Accton ~50% of white-box switches, white-box ~30% of AI Ethernet switching.
What changed.2026-07: $3.4bn, +40.6% vs 2026-04 (1-yr average +14.0% per window).
Accton is the only member: its rolling 3-month revenue reached 3,378 versus 2,403 in April (+40.6%), and monthly revenue has been stepping up since April after a flat 2,200-2,250 range in late 2025 to March.
Accton set a third straight monthly revenue record in June (reported 7 Jul) on AI infrastructure demand, so the July total built on an already high base.
The 8 Aug report on July revenue tied the jump to AI switch demand and expanding 1.6T port shipments, the higher-speed generation that carries more value per switch.
Switch orders follow cloud accelerator deployments, so the same hyperscaler build-out lifting ASIC revenue supports this move; a plateau in monthly records would be the turning signal.
So what: Switch revenue is up 41% on 1.6T shipments and cloud AI cluster build-outs; it corroborates ASIC demand, but depends on a few hyperscaler customers.
FRecent news
2026-07-07Accton set a third straight monthly revenue record on AI infrastructure demand. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +36.2%
2026-08-08Accton revenue jumped on AI switch demand as 1.6T shipments expanded. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +40.6%
Power-Gen Equipment Rev. +14.2%2026Q2 ·
AWhy it is importantPower, grid & cooling · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Power, grid & cooling — On-site and grid generation equipment
Why it matters
Gas turbines, gensets and fuel cells power sites the grid cannot serve; sales show how hard firms work around grid delays.
How representative
About 50% of data-centre-linked generation equipment: GE Vernova ~35% of heavy-duty gas turbines, Caterpillar ~40% and Cummins ~20% of large gensets; Bloom leads fuel cells.
Timing
Leading — Equipment is ordered well before sites need power
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly revenue of on-site and grid power-generation equipment makers serving data centers: GE Vernova Power, Caterpillar, Cummins, Bloom.
Higher = more turbines, gensets and fuel cells delivered to power new AI data centers.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
GE Vernova Power Segment Revenue
USD mn
30%
45%
V2
Caterpillar Energy & Transportation
USD mn
45%
30%
V3
Cummins Power Systems Segment Sales
USD mn
35%
17%
V4
Bloom Energy Revenue
USD mn
60%
8%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-05
Scope
Global (US-led) · GE Vernova Power segment, Caterpillar power generation sales, Cummins Power Systems and Bloom Energy; other turbine and genset makers are left out. Share of global total: 50% — About 50% of DC-linked generation equipment: GE Vernova ~35% of heavy-duty gas turbines, Caterpillar ~40% and Cummins ~20% of large DC gensets.
GE Vernova Power Segment RevenueCaterpillar Energy & TransportationBloom Energy RevenueCummins Power Systems Segment Sales
Latest
2026Q2: $4.1bn
Compared with
2026Q1: $3.6bn
Change
+14.2%
1-yr avg change
+7.8% per quarter (4 obs)
Momentum
Turned up
Driver
Bloom Energy Revenue: $189mn (37% of the change)
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: $4.1bn, +14.2% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +7.8% per quarter).
The 14% q/q rise was broad-based: Bloom contributed about 37% of the gain, GE Vernova Power 30%, Caterpillar power generation 25% and Cummins about 8%, all citing data-center demand for on-site and backup power.
Bloom's Q2 product revenue reached $935mn (+215% y/y) as AI data-center fuel-cell installations were accepted, taking total revenue past $1bn for the first time; on 28 July it raised 2026 guidance to $3.9-4.2bn.
Caterpillar's power generation sales rose to $3.1bn (+29% y/y) on large reciprocating gensets and turbines for data centers, and GE Vernova Power revenue rose to $5.5bn (+14% y/y) led by aeroderivative turbine volume and price.
The Q1 dip followed the usual post-Q4 delivery drop; capacity, not demand, is the limit, with GE Vernova's gas backlog plus reservations at 116 GW against 20 GW/year of output and Cummins short of large-genset capacity.
So what: Power gear grew 14% q/q versus Accton switches' 47%; with 116 GW of turbine backlog against 20 GW/year output, power delivery will pace AI capacity additions.
FRecent news
2026-08-04Caterpillar lifted its 2026 sales growth target on strong data center demand for power generation equipment. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +14.2%
2026-08-04Cummins raised its full-year 2026 outlook on data center power demand after strong second-quarter results. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +14.2%
2026-07-28Bloom Energy reported record second-quarter 2026 revenue and raised full-year guidance. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +14.2%
2026-07-23GE Vernova's gas turbine backlog rose to 116 GW in the second quarter, pointing to sustained power equipment revenue. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +14.2%
Downstream HW: Data Center
Semicon Upstream Supply
Foundry & Memory Capex +38.4%2026Q2 · TSMC 2nm/CoWoS and HBM fab builds lift capex together
AWhy it is importantFoundry & packaging + Memory & storage · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Foundry & packaging + Memory & storage — Leading foundry and memory capex
Why it matters
TSMC and the memory makers decide how much AI chip and HBM capacity exists; their capex shows expected AI demand.
How representative
TSMC, SK hynix, Samsung and Micron are ~65% of global semiconductor capex in 2026; it funds wafers and HBM for NVIDIA and custom ASICs.
Timing
Leading — Capex is committed before capacity and revenue
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly capital spending of the four largest advanced chipmakers: TSMC, SK hynix, Samsung Electronics semiconductors and Micron.
Higher = chipmakers are funding more fab capacity, which will translate into equipment orders.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the quarter-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-31
Scope
Global · TSMC, SK hynix, Samsung semiconductor facility investment and Micron cash capex; Intel, SMIC and others are left out. Share of global total: 65% — About 65% of global semiconductor capex in 2026.
TSMC added the most, rising to $9.4bn from $6.6bn; SK hynix ($5.4bn), Micron ($4.7bn) and Samsung ($4.4bn) also rose, with Samsung and SK hynix rebounding from Q1.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: $24.0bn, +38.4% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +21.6% per quarter).
The 38% Q2 rise was broad-based, with all four spenders higher, but TSMC drove about 41% of the increase and SK hynix and Samsung about 23% each, leaving Micron at 13%.
TSMC spent about $15.6bn in Q2, 42% more than in Q1, and on 16 July lifted its 2026 capex guide to $60-64bn from $52-56bn in January, citing long-term customer commitments for advanced nodes and packaging.
Memory makers turned record HBM and DRAM profits into capacity: Samsung's first-half facility investment topped $19bn alongside a record 2,450tn-won domestic plan, and SK hynix raised 2026 investment to a record ~$31bn on 29 July.
Micron's fiscal Q3 (March-May) net capex reached $7.1bn as it lifted fiscal 2026 spending to about $27bn, mostly for Taiwan and US clean rooms; Q2 broke the usual Q1 dip and Q4 spike, already topping Q4 2025.
So what: Fab capex rose 38% in Q2 while Dutch, Japanese and US tool exports rose only 8.7%, so clean rooms ran ahead of tool deliveries; tool shipments should catch up.
FRecent news
2026-09-03TSMC fab equipment demand has nearly doubled in six months, pushing 2026 capex toward $64B amid tool shortages. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +38.4%
2026-08-07SK hynix will invest $38 billion in new memory chip plants. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +38.4%
2026-08-03SK hynix raised its annual chip investment to a record $31B. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +38.4%
2026-07-27TSMC raised its 2026 capex budget to capture long-term AI and HPC demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +38.4%
AWhy it is importantCloud & neoclouds + Capital & funding · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Cloud & neoclouds + Capital & funding — Cash left after capex
Why it matters
Free cash flow shows whether buyers can fund AI spend from operations or must borrow, which limits how long spending lasts.
How representative
Same ~85% of global AI data-centre capex (US big 5 ~70%, six neoclouds ~15%); mainly a read on hyperscaler funding capacity.
Timing
Lagging — Cash flow reflects past earnings and spending
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly free cash flow (operating cash flow minus capex) of the five largest US cloud companies and six listed neoclouds.
Higher = more internal cash to fund AI spending; lower or negative = growing reliance on debt or equity.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Amazon Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
22%
V2
Alphabet Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
19%
V3
Microsoft Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
23%
V4
Meta Free Cash Flow ($B/qtr, TTM)
USD bn
100%
15%
V5
Oracle Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
7%
V6
CoreWeave Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
6%
V7
Nebius Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
5%
V8
IREN Free Cash Flow ($B/qtr, TTM)
USD bn
100%
2%
V9
Applied Digital Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
1%
V10
TeraWulf Free Cash Flow ($B/qtr)
USD bn
100%
1%
V11
Cipher Mining Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
0%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 3 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-20
Scope
US (big 5 + neoclouds) · Amazon, Alphabet, Microsoft, Meta, Oracle, CoreWeave, Nebius, IREN, Applied Digital, TeraWulf and Cipher; whole-company FCF, not AI-only. Share of global total: 85% — About 85% of global AI DC capex, so weights follow capex: big 5 ≈ 70%, six neoclouds ≈ 15%.
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only).
Signal / noise
2.9 / 5
Score 2.9: capex dominates moves but tax timing adds noise, and it is whole-company FCF; neocloud FCF is lumpy with GPU deliveries.
Reliability
5 / 5
Score 5.0: cash-flow figures from audited filings; statutory and rarely revised.
Scope
85%
Covers about 85% of the global AI capex base, close to the whole market.
Grade
4 / 5
0.5 × SNR 2.9 + 0.5 × reliability 5 = 3.95 → 4
DLine charts and numbers
Components — past 3 years (USD bn)
Microsoft Free Cash FlowAmazon Free Cash FlowAlphabet Free Cash FlowCoreWeave Free Cash FlowNebius Free Cash FlowOracle Free Cash FlowOther members · black bar = net total
Latest
2026Q2: −$7.3bn
Compared with
2026Q1: $1.4bn
Change
sign flip −$8.7bn
1-yr avg change
−14.7% per quarter (3 obs)
Momentum
Falling faster
Driver
Amazon -8.82B, Alphabet -5.86B, CoreWeave -5.74B, Nebius -3.41B offset by Microsoft +19.64B; group -7.32B versus +1.36B in Q1 and +44.3B in 2025Q4.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: −$7.3bn, sign change (1-yr average −14.7% per quarter).
Alphabet (-$16.0bn) and Meta (-$11.5bn) made up about 84% of the $32.6bn gross decline, partly offset by $23.8bn of gains at Oracle, Amazon and Microsoft; the common driver was AI capex outrunning operating cash.
Alphabet spent $44.9bn on capex in Apr-Jun and on 22 Jul raised 2026 guidance to as much as $205bn, turning its quarterly free cash flow negative for the first time.
Meta's capex reached $31.1bn against $31.9bn of operating cash, leaving $784m of reported free cash flow, and on 29 Jul it lifted the floor of its 2026 capex range again while legal charges also weighed.
The offsets were timing, not restraint: Amazon recovered from its seasonal Q1 payables outflow despite raising 2026 capex to $220bn on 30 Jul, and Oracle's fiscal Q4 collections narrowed its burn before Jun-Aug fell back to -$5.4bn.
So what: Group cash burn widened while the compute backlog rose $152bn; contracted demand is now funded by debt, making bond-market access the binding constraint.
FRecent news
2026-07-31Meta fell about 10% after burning through nearly all its cash in a single quarter on AI spending. link ↗Indicator then: 1Q26 −96.9%
2026-07-31Microsoft said cash will keep flowing from AI spending, and its shares rose. link ↗Indicator then: 1Q26 −96.9%
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding + AI chips & ASIC · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding + AI chips & ASIC — NVIDIA equity stakes in customers
Why it matters
NVIDIA funding its own customers (labs, neoclouds) supports GPU demand but adds circular-financing risk.
How representative
About 15% of AI-infra equity funding: one vendor's stakes in OpenAI, xAI, Anthropic, CoreWeave, Nebius and others; includes fair-value marks.
Timing
Leading — Investments precede the customers' GPU purchases
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
NVIDIA's balance-sheet long-term investments (equity stakes in labs, neoclouds and ecosystem companies) at fiscal quarter end, in USD billions.
Higher = NVIDIA is financing more of its own customers' demand; rapid growth signals rising circular funding risk.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD bn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
S&P Capital IQ long_term_investments; NVDA fiscal quarter
USD bn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-20
Scope
Global · NVIDIA only; includes stakes such as OpenAI, xAI, Anthropic, CoreWeave, Nebius; carrying value includes fair-value marks. Share of global total: 15% — About 15%: one vendor's stakes versus total private and public AI-infra equity funding.
Single series: long-term investments $51.16B in 2026Q2, up from $43.36B in Q1 and $3.80B in 2025Q2.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: $51.2bn, +18.0% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +100.0% per quarter).
Growth slowed to 18% because the quarter netted a large outflow: inside the non-marketable book (up $5.6bn to $47.9bn), $4.9bn came from upward revaluations, so new cheques only slightly exceeded the stake that left the line.
SpaceX, which had absorbed xAI, listed on 12 Jun 2026, moving Nvidia's former xAI stake to marketable holdings; that position was worth about $21bn at end-June, and marketable equity rose $12.5bn to $42.8bn.
May-Jul money went to smaller ecosystem bets, not lab-sized rounds: leading Firmus's raise with roughly $500m-plus (Jul 2026) and backing switch-silicon startup Upscale's $190m round (Jun 2026), after about $17bn net added in Feb-Apr.
Watch the reported plan to buy up to $10bn of Anthropic's IPO and further lab IPOs: they would land in marketable securities and drain this line, while private-round repricing keeps adding mark-ups.
So what: Private plus listed stakes reached about $91bn versus $35bn in January, so Nvidia's customer-funding keeps rising even as this private-only line slows on IPO reclassification.
FRecent news
2026-08-15Nvidia disclosed equity stakes of about $50 billion in SpaceX and Intel, both exclusive chip buyers. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +18.0%
2026-08-12Nvidia's roughly $70 billion of stakes in OpenAI, Anthropic and other AI firms form the core of its growing long-term investments. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +18.0%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−4 − 1 this 4-week window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 13 observations
Unit
index, trailing 4-week average; change in %
Frequency
Weekly · latest period 2026-08-30 · recorded 2026-09-01
Scope
US-listed · Five equities with heavy AI-capex financing needs: CRWV, NBIS, ORCL, IREN, APLD; price index only, market caps are not summed. Share of global total: 30% — About 30% (proxy): five names with heavy AI-capex financing needs, not a share of the global total.
Comparison window
Auto-widened: compared as single weeks the reading swung by ±10% per week and kept reversing direction (noise cap 10%); trailing 4 weeks vs the 4 before cut that to ±4%
Weekly closes via S&P Capital IQ; equal weight: 1.5 (100% of the change)
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026-08-30: 162, +11.4% vs 2026-08-02 (1-yr average +5.8% per window).
The basket closed the 30 Aug week at 162.49, up 11.4% from four weeks earlier but still about 20% below the late-June 203; this is a rebound led by high-beta neoclouds (CRWV, NBIS, IREN), not a broad re-rating.
CoreWeave's 11 Aug Q2 report, with revenue doubling year on year and a higher 2026 spending plan, lifted the stock about 14% and began the recovery from the 9 Aug trough of 143.19.
Nebius raised $5.75bn of convertibles on 25 Aug above its target, and Nvidia's 26 Aug Q2 results pushed CRWV, NBIS and IREN higher, showing funding markets are open again.
The rebound is fragile: IREN fell about 6% on 26 Aug before results and a warning of a coming neocloud price crash circulated, so the test is whether further financings price on similar terms.
So what: Equity funding capacity has recovered from July, but on sentiment; repeat issuance at tight terms is needed to confirm it.
FRecent news
2026-08-11CoreWeave jumped about 14% after Q2 revenue doubled year on year and it raised its 2026 spending plan. link ↗Indicator then: 09 Aug −22.6%
2026-08-25Nebius raised $5.75bn of convertible debt, above its initial target, and the stock rose about 4% to end a six-session slide. link ↗Indicator then: 23 Aug +6.9%
2026-08-26Nvidia's Q2 results lifted CRWV, NBIS and IREN overnight. link ↗Indicator then: 23 Aug +6.9%
2026-08-27IREN reported a Q4 loss but beat revenue estimates after falling about 6% the day before. link ↗Indicator then: 23 Aug +6.9%
2026-07-16Nebius sank 13% as the neocloud trade unwound, setting up the July-August drawdown from the late-June peak. link ↗Indicator then: 12 Jul −9.2%
Directory and upcoming
All indicators — directory114 indicators by class: chain link, last update, latest reading and next update; click a row for its card
Indicator
Chain link
Grade
Freq.
Last updated
Latest reading
Last situation
Status
Next update
Penetration
China GenAI Filings
Models & AI apps + Enterprise & consumer use
G5
M
2026-08-14
2026-06: 988
+13.8% vs 2026-04 · 1-yr avg +13% · Accelerating
Current
10 Sep 26
Cloud AI Revenue
Cloud & neoclouds
G5
Q
2026-08-26
2026Q2: $26.8bn
+17.4% vs 2026Q1 · 1-yr avg +11% · Accelerating
Current
27 Oct 26
EU Firm AI Use
Enterprise & consumer use
G5
Y
2026-01-10
2025: 19.9%
+48.0% vs 2024 · 1-yr avg +48% · Rising (slower)
Current
10 Dec 26
China AI Lab Revenue
Models & AI apps
G4
H
2026-04-02
2025H2: $128mn
+117.6% vs 2025H1 · 1-yr avg +118% · Rising (slower)
Current
20 Mar 27
China Daily Tokens
Models & AI apps
G4
Y
2026-04-07
2026: 140 T
+40.0% vs 2025 · 1-yr avg +40% · Rising (slower)
Current
Event-driven
UK firms using AI (ONS)
Enterprise & consumer use
G4
Q
2026-07-17
2026Q2: 28.9%
+11.6% vs 2026Q1 · 1-yr avg +9% · Accelerating
Current
16 Oct 26
US Firm AI Use (BTOS)
Enterprise & consumer use
G4
W
2026-08-30
2026-08-23: 22.4%
+2.8% vs 2026-08-09 · 1-yr avg +4% · Accelerating
Current
17 Sep 26
US firms paying for AI (Ramp)
Enterprise & consumer use
G4
M
2026-08-15
2026-07: 55.7%
+1.4% vs 2026-06 · 1-yr avg +2% · Flat
Current
15 Sep 26
AI framework npm downloads
Models & AI apps + Enterprise & consumer use
G3
W
2026-09-01
2026-08-30: 26,686,463 downloads/wk
+5.5% vs 2026-08-23 · 1-yr avg +5% · Rising (slower)
Current
~13 Sep 26
LLM SDK npm downloads
Models & AI apps + Enterprise & consumer use
G3
W
2026-09-01
2026-08-30: 78,428,275 downloads/wk
+14.6% vs 2026-08-23 · 1-yr avg +5% · Accelerating
Current
~13 Sep 26
METR time horizon
Models & AI apps
G3
Q
2026-04-14
2026Q2: 1,045 minutes
+45.3% vs 2026Q1 · 1-yr avg +73% · Rising (slower)
Deep-dive
Event-driven
Palantir commercial rev
Enterprise & consumer use + Models & AI apps
G3
Q
2026-08-03
2026Q2: $945mn
+22.1% vs 2026Q1 · 1-yr avg +20% · Accelerating
Current
02 Nov 26
US Disclosed Tokens
Models & AI apps
G3
Q
2026-07-28
2026Q2: 1,598 T
+19.4% vs 2026Q1 · 1-yr avg +81% · Rising (slower)
Deep-dive
27 Oct 26
US Worker GenAI Use
Enterprise & consumer use
G3
Q
2026-08-21
2026Q2: 45.2%
+4.1% vs 2026Q1 · 1-yr avg +7% · Rising (slower)
Current
20 Nov 26
OpenRouter Tokens
Models & AI apps
G2
W
2026-09-01
2026-08-30: 113T
+21.0% vs 2026-08-23 · 1-yr avg +8% · Accelerating
Current
Weekly
US AI Lab Run-Rate
Models & AI apps
G2
M
2026-03-07
2026-02: $39.0bn
+34.5% vs 2025-12 · 1-yr avg +79% · Rising (slower)
Stale
Event-driven
Claude co-authored commits
Enterprise & consumer use + Models & AI apps
G1
W
2026-08-23
2026-08-16: 2,781,154
+6.2% vs 2026-08-09 · 1-yr avg +5% · Turned down
Current
Event-driven
Supply-Demand
Grid Equipment PPI
Power, grid & cooling
G5
M
2026-08-14
2026-07: 444
+2.8% vs 2026-06 · 1-yr avg +1% · Flat
Current
14 Sep 26
NVIDIA Supply Commitments
AI chips & ASIC + Foundry & packaging
G5
Q
2026-06-10
2026Q2: $119bn
+25.0% vs 2026Q1 · 1-yr avg +32% · Rising (slower)
Current
~07 Oct 26
Power Equip. Backlog
Power, grid & cooling
G5
Q
2026-02-13
2025Q4: $38.7bn
+24.9% vs 2025Q3 · 1-yr avg +18% · Accelerating
Stale
21 Oct 26
AI Compute Backlog
Cloud & neoclouds
G4
Q
2026-08-11
2026Q2: $1.24tn
+13.9% vs 2026Q1 · 1-yr avg +34% · Rising (slower)
Current
27 Oct 26
DRAM Contract Guidance
Memory & storage
G4
M
2026-08-31
2026-06: 60.5%
+0.0pp vs 2026-03 · 1-yr avg +8pp · Flat
Current
30 Sep 26
Micron Inventory Days
Memory & storage
G4
Q
2026-07-12
2026Q2: 122 days
−1.1% vs 2026Q1 · 1-yr avg −3% · Flat
Current
~12 Oct 26
N. America DC Vacancy
Data centres & colo
G4
Y
2026-08-31
2026: 1.40%
+0.0% vs 2025 · 1-yr avg −13% · Flat
Current
01 Mar 27
SK hynix Inventory Days
Memory & storage
G4
Q
2026-08-14
2026Q2: 123 days
−7.9% vs 2026Q1 · 1-yr avg +1% · Turned down
Current
~14 Nov 26
US Capacity Auction Price
Power, grid & cooling + Data centres & colo
G4
Y
2025-12-27
2025: $433.36
+118.9% vs 2024 · 1-yr avg +119% · Rising (slower)
Current
17 Dec 26
Cooling backlog (TT+JCI)
Power, grid & cooling
G3
Q
2026-08-07
2026Q2: $6.2bn
+8.8% vs 2026Q1 · 1-yr avg +12% · Rising (slower)
Current
29 Oct 26
ERCOT Reserve Margin
Power, grid & cooling + Data centres & colo
G3
H
2026-03-10
2026H1: 18.3%
+6.4% vs 2025H2 · 1-yr avg −1% · Turned up
Current
04 Dec 26
MLCC Unit Price
Materials & passives
G3
M
2026-02-28
2025-10: 0.81 JPY/unit
+9.1% vs 2025-09 · 1-yr avg +15% · Rising (slower)
Stale
30 Sep 26
NAND Contract Price
Memory & storage
G3
M
2026-07-31
2026-03: 72.5%
+15.0pp vs 2026-02 · 1-yr avg +16pp · Rising (slower)
Stale
30 Sep 26
Storage Device PPI
Memory & storage
G3
M
2026-08-14
2026-07: 117
+13.8% vs 2026-06 · 1-yr avg +6% · Rising (slower)
Series recorded in the database but with too few comparable data points for a chart or a change; each becomes a charted indicator once the history supports it.
Series
Latest
As of
Why not charted yet
Next update
Fireworks AI tokens processed
Penetration
>40T tokens/day
2026-07-15
Only three dated company disclosures (10T Oct-25, 15T Apr-26, 40T Jul-26), all 'more than' lower bounds
Event-driven (funding / company posts)
Vercel AI Gateway tokens
Penetration
>1T tokens/day
~2026-07-15
One interview figure; Vercel's leaderboards publish shares only, no absolute totals
Event-driven
Entergy signed ESAs (all customers)
Data Center
8 GW cumulative since Jan-24
2025-06-30
No data-center-only cumulative series; later calls give flows (≈3.5 GW in 2025, >1 GW in 1Q26 ex-Meta)
Entergy Q3 call (late Oct)
Entergy data-center pipeline
Data Center
7–12 GW (unchanged since 3Q25)
2026-06-30
Stated as a range that moves only every few quarters
Entergy Q3 call (late Oct)
Artificial Analysis Intelligence Index (top model)
Penetration
57.6 (v4.3.2, Claude Opus 5.5); best open-weights 46.3
2026-09-30
Index versions rescale scores (v4.1 → v4.3.2) and the site exposes no history, so points are not comparable yet
AI PCB equipment TAM 3.8x 2024-26E; capex lead for HDI/HLC capacity
CIQ / SZSE filings; quarterly
candidate
GaN-on-Si power device utilisation (Innoscience)
Power, grid & cooling
800V HVDC demand signal; but sector ~45% utilised so contrarian oversupply check
HKEX filings; half-yearly
candidate
US PPI - bare printed circuit boards
Materials & passives
Clean, long-history PCB price read; confirms M8/M9 and high-layer pricing passing through
BLS PPI via FRED; monthly (~T+15d)
added v6: lead_mat_ppi_pcb_m
LME copper cash price
Materials & passives
Foil is 35-40% of CCL cost; needed to net raw-material pass-through from true shortage premium
IMF via FRED; monthly (daily via COMEX HG=F yfinance)
added v6: lead_mat_copper_px_m
Updated every week (not listed): AI-Infra Debt Issuance, OpenRouter Tokens.
OpenRouter Tokens
OpenRouter weekly tokens · Penetration · Grade 2
AWhy it is importantModels & AI apps · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Models & AI apps — Developer multi-model API gateway
Why it matters
Tokens are the unit of AI inference demand; rising volume means more model calls, pulling on compute and memory.
How representative
OpenRouter ~10T tokens/week is about 1% of est. global API and first-party tokens; small, but a fast, open read on developer model choice and demand trend.
Timing
Coincident — Tokens are consumed as requests happen
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Weekly count of tokens processed through OpenRouter, a gateway that routes developer requests to many AI models.
Higher = more developer inference demand, though promotions can inflate it.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in tokens/wk:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
OpenRouter Weekly Tokens Processed
tokens/wk
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous week
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 47 observations
Unit
tokens/wk; change in %
Frequency
Weekly · latest period 2026-08-30 · recorded 2026-09-01
Scope
Global (OpenRouter users) · All models routed through OpenRouter; excludes first-party traffic at Google, OpenAI, Microsoft and China platforms. Share of global total: <5% — About 1% of est. global API + first-party tokens (~10T/week vs ~4,300T/month total).
OpenRouter Weekly Tokens Processed: 20T (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-05DeepSeek V4 Flash topped OpenRouter's weekly ranking with 7.22 trillion tokens, with Chinese models leading platform token volume. link ↗Indicator then: 02 Aug −2.2%
2026-07-08Chinese models reached up to 46% of US enterprise token usage on OpenRouter as the cost of US frontier models rose. link ↗Indicator then: 05 Jul −0.0%
AWhy it is importantModels & AI apps · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Models & AI apps — US-disclosed tokens (Google, OpenAI API)
Why it matters
Token volume at the largest US providers sets inference load; growth here drives GPU, memory and power orders upstream.
How representative
Google ~1,300T plus OpenAI API ~260T is ~36% of est. global tokens per month; mainly Google consumer and cloud surfaces plus OpenAI developer traffic.
Timing
Leading — Inference load precedes capacity orders
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly tokens processed by Google and OpenAI's API, based on figures the companies disclose at earnings and events.
Higher = more AI inference running on the two largest US token platforms.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Google Monthly Tokens Processed
tokens T/month
100%
83%
V2
OpenAI API Tokens per Minute
tokens T/month
100%
17%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 3 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
tokens T/month; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-28
Scope
US company-disclosed · Google all-surface tokens (weight 0.83) and OpenAI API tokens (0.17); Microsoft and Fireworks dropped in v8 because they no longer disclose. Share of global total: 36% — 36% of est. global tokens: Google ~1,300T + OpenAI API ~260T = ~1,560T/month vs ~4,300T/month.
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only)
Signal / noise
2.8 / 5
SNR 2.8: Google's definition switched several times and includes AI Overviews and reasoning tokens; OpenAI prints come only at events.
Reliability
3.8 / 5
Reliability 3.8: company statements, not audited filings; OpenAI figures are promotional and 6-12 months apart.
Scope
36%
Covers 36% of global tokens, so it is the largest disclosed block but still not the whole market.
Grade
3 / 5
0.5 × SNR 2.8 + 0.5 × reliability 3.8 = 3.30 → 3
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026Q2: 1,598 T
Compared with
2026Q1: 1,339 T
Change
+19.4%
1-yr avg change
+80.6% per quarter (3 obs)
Momentum
Rising (slower)
Driver
Google +259T (691T to 950T); OpenAI flat at 648T, so the blended gain fell to 19% from 94%.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: 1,598 T, +19.4% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +80.6% per quarter).
All of the 2026Q2 gain came from Google, whose Gemini API run-rate rose about 37% QoQ (691T to 950T tokens/month); OpenAI's leg was carried flat at 648T because no newer figure was disclosed.
On its 22 Jul 2026 Q2 call Alphabet said developers were pushing more than 22B tokens per minute through Gemini APIs, up from 16B in Q1 and 10B at end-2025, with Cloud revenue up 82% on inference demand.
Blended growth slowed from +94% to +19% mainly because OpenAI's last API disclosure (15B tokens per minute in April 2026, from 6B in October 2025) was already in the Q1 base, so half the aggregate had no update.
The next OpenAI API disclosure is the swing factor: if it keeps its October-to-April pace (about 2.5x in five months), the blended growth rate would re-accelerate well above Q2's 19%.
So what: Google's own leg (+37% QoQ) kept pace with Cloud revenue (+82% YoY), so inference demand is still compounding; the blended slowdown reflects a missing OpenAI update, not weaker usage.
FRecent news
2026-07-22Google said its model APIs now process about 22 billion tokens per minute on the Q2 2026 earnings call, with nearly 500 Cloud customers each above 1 trillion tokens in a year. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +19.4%
China all-model daily tokens (National Data Administration) · Penetration · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantModels & AI apps · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Models & AI apps — China national LLM token calls
Why it matters
Shows how much AI inference China runs, which drives demand for domestic accelerators and cloud capacity.
How representative
China ~30T tokens/day (~900T/month) is ~20% of est. global tokens; official national total across all Chinese models.
Timing
Coincident — Official total of calls as they occur
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Daily count of tokens processed by all large language models in China, reported by the National Data Administration.
Higher = more AI inference across China's model ecosystem.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in tokens T/day:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
China All-Models Daily Tokens
tokens T/day
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous year
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 1 observations
Unit
tokens T/day; change in %
Frequency
Yearly · latest period 2026 · recorded 2026-04-07
Scope
China (official) · National total of LLM token calls across all models; Doubao, SiliconFlow and IDC MaaS figures are subsets kept raw-only. Share of global total: 20% — About 20% of est. global tokens: ~30T/day = ~900T/month vs ~4,300T/month.
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only)
Signal / noise
3 / 5
SNR 3.0: an official total, but prints are sparse and the method is unpublished, so period-to-period moves are hard to interpret.
Reliability
5 / 5
Reliability 5.0: official government statistic, though methodology is not disclosed and long gaps separate prints.
Scope
20%
Covers ~20% of global tokens, so it is the only national-level view of China's usage.
Grade
4 / 5
0.5 × SNR 3 + 0.5 × reliability 5 = 4.00 → 4
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026: 140 T
Compared with
2025: 100 T
Change
+40.0%
1-yr avg change
+40.0% per year (1 obs)
Momentum
Rising (slower)
Driver
China All-Models Daily Tokens: 40 T (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-30China launched new data pilots and began testing token subscriptions, formalising tokens as a traded unit of AI usage. link ↗Indicator then: 2025 +99900.0%
2026-07-14Approaching.ai raised 1 billion yuan in a Series A to expand AI token factories serving rising domestic demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2025 +99900.0%
US Firm AI Use (BTOS)
US firms using AI (Census BTOS) · Penetration · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantEnterprise & consumer use · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Enterprise & consumer use — US firm-level AI adoption
Why it matters
Enterprise adoption sets the durable revenue base for AI software and cloud; slowing use would weaken the demand case for capacity.
How representative
Census BTOS panel of ~1.2M US employer firms; the US is ~26% of world GDP, so ~25% of the global enterprise base.
Timing
Lagging — Firms adopt after models and tools mature
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Share of US employer firms that report using AI in any business function, from the Census Bureau's biweekly survey.
Higher = broader enterprise adoption of AI across US businesses.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in %:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
US Census BTOS
%
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous week
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 24 observations
Unit
%; change in %
Frequency
Weekly · latest period 2026-08-23 · recorded 2026-08-30
Scope
US · Census BTOS panel of about 1.2M US employer firms; forward-looking 6-month question and size-class splits stay raw-only. Share of global total: 25% — 25% of the global enterprise base, since the US is ~26% of world GDP (IMF 2026).
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only)
Signal / noise
3 / 5
SNR 3.0: readings often reverse (29% of periods change direction) and the 2025-11 rewording lifted readings from ~10% to ~17-20%.
Reliability
5 / 5
Reliability 5.0: official Census survey with a large panel; use only the post-2025-11 series.
Scope
25%
Covers ~25% of the global enterprise base, so it represents the largest single economy.
Grade
4 / 5
0.5 × SNR 3 + 0.5 × reliability 5 = 4.00 → 4
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026-08-23: 22.4%
Compared with
2026-08-09: 21.8%
Change
+2.8% · 4-wk vs prior 4-wk +7.5%
1-yr avg change
+4.3% per week (24 obs)
Momentum
Flat
Driver
US Census BTOS: 0.60% (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-07-23NC Commerce published Census BTOS data showing limited AI adoption among North Carolina businesses. link ↗Indicator then: 12 Jul +5.3%
US Worker GenAI Use
US workers using GenAI (St. Louis Fed RPS) · Penetration · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantEnterprise & consumer use · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Enterprise & consumer use — US worker GenAI use at work
Why it matters
Worker usage shows whether GenAI is becoming daily practice, which supports paid seats and recurring inference demand.
How representative
Representative US worker survey; the US is ~26% of world GDP, so ~25% of the global base. A worker view distinct from firm adoption.
Timing
Lagging — Usage follows tool rollout and habit forming
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Share of US workers who use generative AI at work, from the St. Louis Fed's Real-Time Population Survey.
Higher = deeper day-to-day worker use of GenAI, a demand signal for seats and tokens.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in %:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
St. Louis Fed Real-Time Population Survey
%
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
%; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-21
Scope
US · Representative US worker survey; a worker lens that is distinct from the firm-level Census share. Share of global total: 25% — 25% of the global base, since the US is ~26% of world GDP.
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only)
Signal / noise
2 / 5
SNR 2.0: waves are sparse and answers are sensitive to question wording (St. Louis Fed note 'How you ask matters', 2026-06).
Reliability
4 / 5
Reliability 4.0: Federal Reserve survey with a consistent panel, but wording effects and sparse waves limit precision.
Scope
25%
Covers ~25% of the global base, so it speaks for the US only.
Grade
3 / 5
0.5 × SNR 2 + 0.5 × reliability 4 = 3.00 → 3
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026Q2: 45.2%
Compared with
2026Q1: 43.4%
Change
+4.1%
1-yr avg change
+6.6% per quarter (4 obs)
Momentum
Rising (slower)
Driver
St. Louis Fed Real-Time Population Survey: 1.79% (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-09-01The St. Louis Fed published an analysis of which tasks workers use generative AI for, based on its Real-Time Population Survey. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +4.1%
2026-07-16The St. Louis Fed released new survey findings on AI adoption and its effects on employment and productivity. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +4.1%
EU Firm AI Use
EU enterprises using AI (Eurostat) · Penetration · Grade 5
AWhy it is importantEnterprise & consumer use · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Enterprise & consumer use — EU firm-level AI adoption (10+ staff)
Why it matters
Shows enterprise uptake outside the US, the second large software market, and so the breadth of AI demand.
How representative
Eurostat survey of EU27 firms with 10+ staff; EU27 is ~17% of world GDP, so ~15% of the global base. Annual and slow.
Timing
Lagging — Annual survey reports past-year usage
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Share of EU27 enterprises with 10 or more staff that use AI, published annually by Eurostat.
Higher = broader enterprise AI adoption in Europe.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in %:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Eurostat
%
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous year
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 1 observations
Unit
%; change in %
Frequency
Yearly · latest period 2025 · recorded 2026-01-10
Scope
EU27 · Official Eurostat survey (isoc_eb_ai) of EU27 enterprises with 10+ staff; smaller firms are excluded. Share of global total: 15% — 15% of the global base, since EU27 is ~17% of world GDP.
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only)
Signal / noise
4 / 5
SNR 4.0: annual frequency removes short-term noise, but the information arrives slowly.
Reliability
5 / 5
Reliability 5.0: official statistical release with a stable definition, published about December.
Scope
15%
Covers ~15% of the global base, so it is a mid-sized regional read.
Grade
5 / 5
0.5 × SNR 4 + 0.5 × reliability 5 = 4.50 → 5
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2025: 19.9%
Compared with
2024: 13.5%
Change
+48.0%
1-yr avg change
+48.0% per year (1 obs)
Momentum
Rising (slower)
Driver
Eurostat: 6.47% (100% of the change)
ERecent news
No specific event news found for this period.
China GenAI Filings
China GenAI services filed (CAC) · Penetration · Grade 5
AWhy it is importantModels & AI apps + Enterprise & consumer use · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Models & AI apps + Enterprise & consumer use — China registered GenAI services
Why it matters
Counts how many public GenAI services China has cleared; more filings mean wider supply of apps competing for users and compute.
How representative
Mandatory filing covers all public GenAI services in China, ~15% of the global base by GDP; counts services, not users or revenue.
Timing
Coincident — Filings track launches as approved
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Cumulative number of generative AI services that have completed mandatory filing with China's Cyberspace Administration (CAC).
Higher = more GenAI services launched in China; a supply-side diffusion measure, not usage.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in count:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
China CAC
count
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 5 observations
Unit
count; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-06 · recorded 2026-08-14
Scope
China (official) · Registry of all public GenAI services in China, national filings plus local registrations; counts services, not users or revenue. Share of global total: 15% — 15% of the global base, since China is ~17% of world GDP and filing is mandatory.
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only)
Signal / noise
4 / 5
SNR 4.0: a smooth cumulative count (446 added in 2025), but batch timing follows regulatory policy rather than demand.
Reliability
5 / 5
Reliability 5.0: official administrative count published in bimonthly batches.
Scope
15%
Covers ~15% of the global base, so it reads China as a whole.
Grade
5 / 5
0.5 × SNR 4 + 0.5 × reliability 5 = 4.50 → 5
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026-06: 988
Compared with
2026-04: 868
Change
+13.8%
1-yr avg change
+13.1% per month (5 obs)
Momentum
Accelerating
Driver
China CAC: 120 (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-07-15China's cyberspace regulator cleared seven more mobile generative AI services, including Apple Intelligence, adding to the cumulative filed-services count. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +13.8%
AWhy it is importantModels & AI apps · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Models & AI apps — Frontier-lab revenue run-rate
Why it matters
Lab revenue shows whether AI demand converts into paying customers, which funds training and inference compute orders.
How representative
OpenAI ~$30bn plus Anthropic ~$25bn is ~75% of global model-lab revenue; mainly enterprise API, coding and subscription customers.
Timing
Leading — Revenue growth underwrites later compute purchases
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Annualized revenue run-rate of OpenAI and Anthropic, the two largest frontier model labs.
Higher = more paying demand for frontier models and APIs.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
OpenAI Annualized Revenue Run-Rate
USD bn
100%
55%
V2
Anthropic Annualized Revenue Run-Rate
USD bn
100%
45%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 2 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-02 · recorded 2026-03-07
Scope
Global (US labs) · OpenAI (weight 0.55) and Anthropic (0.45); xAI, Mistral, Gemini API inside Google Cloud and China labs are outside. Share of global total: 75% — About 75% of global model-lab revenue (OpenAI ~$30bn + Anthropic ~$25bn).
AWhy it is importantModels & AI apps · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Models & AI apps — Listed China model labs
Why it matters
Revenue at Chinese labs shows monetization of domestic models, a signal for China compute and cloud demand.
How representative
Zhipu plus MiniMax ~$0.45bn a year is under 1% of ~$75bn global lab revenue; small, but the only listed read on China lab monetization.
Timing
Lagging — Semiannual reports on past-half results
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Semiannual revenue reported by two listed Chinese model labs, Zhipu AI and MiniMax.
Higher = more monetization of Chinese foundation models.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Zhipu AI (2513.HK) Revenue
CNY mn
100%
50%
V2
MiniMax (0100.HK) Revenue
USD mn
100%
50%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous half-year
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 1 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the half-year-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Half-yearly · latest period 2025H2 · recorded 2026-04-02
Scope
China (listed labs) · Zhipu (2513.HK) and MiniMax (0100.HK), each weight 0.5; unlisted labs and big-tech models are outside. Share of global total: <5% — Under 1% of global lab revenue: ~$0.45bn vs ~$75bn.
Zhipu AI (2513.HK) Revenue: $51mn (74% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-31Zhipu (Z.ai) reported roughly 400% first-half revenue growth with a narrower loss in its first post-IPO interim report. link ↗Indicator then: 2025H2 +117.6%
2026-08-26MiniMax published first-half 2026 results showing accelerating revenue. link ↗Indicator then: 2025H2 +117.6%
AWhy it is importantCloud & neoclouds · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Cloud & neoclouds — Cloud and neocloud AI revenue
Why it matters
Cloud revenue is where AI compute is sold; it shows whether chip and data-centre capex earns a return.
How representative
AWS 30% + Microsoft 21% + Google 13% + Alibaba 4% + neoclouds ~4% is ~70% of global cloud revenue; AI-weighted; mainly enterprise and lab customers.
Timing
Coincident — Revenue recognised as compute is used
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly revenue of major cloud providers, each multiplied by an estimated AI share of that business.
Higher = more paid AI cloud consumption, both hyperscaler and neocloud.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Amazon Web Services Segment Revenue
USD bn
15%
24%
V2
Google Cloud Segment Revenue
USD bn
30%
28%
V3
Microsoft Intelligent Cloud Segment Revenue
USD bn
20%
30%
V4
CoreWeave Revenue ($B/qtr)
USD bn
95%
9%
V5
Nebius Group Revenue ($M/qtr)
USD mn
90%
2%
V6
IREN Total Revenue ($M/qtr)
USD mn
60%
1%
V7
Alibaba Cloud Intelligence Group Revenue
CNY bn
30%
6%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the quarter-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-26
Scope
Global · AWS, Google Cloud, Microsoft Intelligent Cloud, CoreWeave, Nebius, IREN and Alibaba Cloud; Azure growth %, Oracle OCI and Copilot seats stay raw-only. Share of global total: 70% — About 70% of global cloud: Synergy Q2-2026 AWS 30% + Microsoft 21% + Google 13% + Alibaba 4% + neoclouds ~4%.
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only)
Signal / noise
4.2 / 5
SNR 4.2: reported segments with stable definitions, but AI shares are estimates (15-95%) and Microsoft segments were redrawn in 2024-08.
Reliability
5 / 5
Reliability 5.0: audited company filings for every member.
Scope
70%
Covers ~70% of global cloud, so it is close to the whole market.
Grade
5 / 5
0.5 × SNR 4.2 + 0.5 × reliability 5 = 4.60 → 5
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026Q2: $26.8bn
Compared with
2026Q1: $22.9bn
Change
+17.4%
1-yr avg change
+11.3% per quarter (4 obs)
Momentum
Accelerating
Driver
Google Cloud +$1.42B (6.0B to 7.43B AI-weighted), Intelligent Cloud +$0.93B, AWS +$0.70B, CoreWeave +$0.47B.
ERecent news
2026-09-03Microsoft will disclose Azure quarterly revenue for the first time, giving a clearer dollar read on AI cloud growth. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +17.4%
2026-08-18Google Cloud grew 82% in Q2 versus 43% for Azure and 37% for AWS. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +17.4%
2026-07-30AWS posted its fastest growth since 2021 in Q2 on AI and chip demand, with capex raised sharply. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +17.4%
AI Compute Backlog
Cloud and neocloud AI compute backlog (RPO) · Supply-Demand · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantCloud & neoclouds · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Cloud & neoclouds — Contracted AI compute backlog
Why it matters
Backlog is signed future compute demand; growth tells suppliers of chips, power and sites that orders are committed.
How representative
Five filers (Oracle, Microsoft, Amazon, Google Cloud, CoreWeave) hold ~80% of disclosed multi-year AI compute commitments; heavily OpenAI and Anthropic contracts.
Timing
Leading — Contracts signed before capacity is built
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Contracted but not yet recognized revenue (RPO or backlog) at cloud and neocloud providers, weighted by AI share.
Higher = customers, mainly AI labs, pre-committing to more multi-year compute capacity.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Oracle Remaining Performance Obligations
USD bn
75%
53%
V2
Microsoft Commercial Remaining Performance Obligation
USD bn
45%
26%
V3
Amazon Remaining Performance Obligations
USD bn
30%
9%
V4
Google Cloud Revenue Backlog ($B)
USD bn
40%
7%
V5
CoreWeave Revenue Backlog ($B)
USD bn
100%
5%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-11
Scope
Global · Oracle, Microsoft, Amazon, Google Cloud and CoreWeave; Nebius-Microsoft and private neoclouds are not covered. Share of global total: 80% — About 80% of disclosed multi-year AI compute commitments (five filers hold ~85%, including OpenAI-Oracle $300bn).
Oracle 414.4 to 478.5, AWS 109.2 to 148.8, Google Cloud 184.8 to 205.6, Microsoft +22.9 to 307.8, CoreWeave +4.9 to 103.7 (USD bn).
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: $1.24tn, +13.9% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +34.3% per quarter).
Oracle ($64bn) and Amazon ($40bn) supplied about 68% of the $152bn AI-weighted increase, with Microsoft and Google adding about $22bn each; the rise was broad, but growth slowed because the base was larger and CoreWeave added only $5bn.
Amazon's RPO jumped $132bn to $496bn after Anthropic agreed on 20 Apr 2026 to spend over $100bn on AWS over ten years, alongside Amazon's up-to-$25bn investment, booking multi-year compute directly into AWS backlog.
Oracle's fiscal Q4 (Mar-May) lifted RPO $85bn to $638bn, reported 10 Jun alongside a plan to raise more capital, while Microsoft's commercial RPO rose about $51bn as Azure passed $100bn of annual revenue.
Momentum is fading at the top contributor: Oracle's Jun-Aug quarter added only $26bn to $664bn, and CoreWeave's backlog is now converting to revenue faster than new contracts arrive, so 2026Q3 growth likely slows further.
So what: Backlog rose $152bn while group free cash flow fell to -$7bn: committed demand is outpacing builders' cash, so delivery depends on debt funding.
FRecent news
2026-08-11CoreWeave beat quarterly estimates and raised its 2026 spending plan, citing record contracted backlog. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +13.9%
2026-07-31Microsoft disclosed $678 billion of contracted revenue backlog after Azure passed $100 billion in annual revenue. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +13.9%
2026-07-22Google Cloud backlog expanded to $514 billion in Q2 as cloud revenue grew 82%. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +13.9%
DRAM Contract Guidance
DDR5 contract price · Supply-Demand · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantMemory & storage · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Memory & storage — Server DDR5 contract price
Why it matters
DRAM price balances AI server demand against supply; rising prices signal tight memory and raise cost for every server built.
How representative
Server DDR5 contract channel is ~70% of server DRAM bits (contract ~85% x DDR5 ~80% ex-HBM); mainly serves server and AI host-memory buyers.
Timing
Coincident — Prices move with current supply and demand balance
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly contract price for DDR5 server DRAM, as tracked by TrendForce, with quarterly price guidance.
Higher = tighter DRAM supply against AI server demand.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in %:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
TrendForce DDR5 Server/PC DRAM Contract Price
% QoQ (guidance midpoint)
—
100%
Changet = Readingt − Readingt−1percentage points: the level is itself a growth rate
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 6 observations
Unit
%; change in percentage points
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-06 · recorded 2026-08-31
Scope
Global · Server DDR5 contract channel; spot market, HBM and non-DDR5 DRAM are outside. Share of global total: 70% — About 70% of server DRAM bits: contract channel ~85% x DDR5 ~80% of server DRAM ex-HBM.
TrendForce DDR5 Server/PC DRAM Contract Price: 0.00%
ERecent news
2026-07-30TrendForce sees 2027 DRAM supply staying tight while NAND supply eases, so DRAM contract prices hold firmer than NAND. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +0.0pp
2026-07-09TrendForce expects server DRAM contract prices to rise 13-18% QoQ in 3Q26, with long-term agreements capping increases. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +0.0pp
Changet = Readingt − Readingt−1percentage points: the level is itself a growth rate
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
%; change in percentage points
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-03 · recorded 2026-07-31
Scope
Global · TLC wafer contracts sold to module and eSSD assemblers; retail and spot NAND are outside. Share of global total: 55% — About 55% of NAND bit sales go through wafer contracts to module and eSSD assemblers.
TrendForce NAND TLC Wafer Contract Price + Quarterly Guidance: 15.0% (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-18Top five NAND brands' combined revenue rose 77% QoQ in 2Q26, reflecting the sharp contract price increases. link ↗Indicator then: Mar-26 +15.0pp
2026-07-21TrendForce expects NAND supply growth to outpace demand in 2027, easing supply constraints in 2H27 and capping the contract price upcycle. link ↗Indicator then: Mar-26 +15.0pp
2026-07-03TrendForce says AI server demand supports NAND and DRAM prices in 3Q26, but gains moderate as consumer demand weakens. link ↗Indicator then: Mar-26 +15.0pp
MLCC Unit Price
Japan MLCC implied ASP · Supply-Demand · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantMaterials & passives · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Materials & passives — Japan ceramic capacitor (MLCC) pricing
Why it matters
MLCCs sit on every server board; price shows component tightness, though AI is only one of many demand sources.
How representative
Murata, Taiyo Yuden, TDK and Kyocera Japan output is ~35% of global MLCC value; serves phones and cars as well, so a weak AI read.
Timing
Coincident — Price tracks current component supply balance
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Average selling price per multilayer ceramic capacitor (MLCC) in Japan, implied from METI production value divided by quantity.
Higher = firmer component pricing, a sign of tighter MLCC supply or richer mix.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in JPY/unit:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Japan METI Ceramic Capacitor Production Value / Quantity
JPY/unit
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 2 observations
Unit
JPY/unit; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2025-10 · recorded 2026-02-28
Scope
Japan · Japan-made ceramic capacitor output from Murata, Taiyo Yuden, TDK and Kyocera; overseas production is left out. Share of global total: 35% — About 35% of global MLCC value: Murata ~40% + Taiyo Yuden ~10% + TDK / Kyocera ~10%, with METI covering ~60% of their output.
AWhy it is importantPower, grid & cooling · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Power, grid & cooling — Grid and data-centre power equipment backlog
Why it matters
Power gear is a bottleneck for data centres; backlog growth shows orders queued and lead times lengthening.
How representative
Seven makers (GE Vernova, Vertiv, Siemens Energy, HD Hyundai Electric, Hyosung, LS Electric and others) are ~45% of global grid and data-centre power backlog.
Timing
Leading — Orders book years before delivery and revenue
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarter-end order backlog of grid and data-center power equipment makers, converted to USD and weighted by data-center share.
Higher = more power equipment already ordered for data-center load, meaning tighter supply.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
GE Vernova Electrification Equipment Backlog
USD bn
20%
21%
V2
GE Vernova Power Segment Equipment RPO
USD bn
20%
15%
V3
Vertiv Backlog ($B)
USD bn
90%
21%
V4
Siemens Energy Grid Technologies Order Backlog
EUR bn
15%
21%
V5
HD Hyundai Electric Order Backlog
USD bn
45%
10%
V6
Hyosung Heavy Industries Order Backlog
KRW bn
30%
10%
V7
LS Electric Order Backlog (KRW bn)
KRW bn
18%
2%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 2 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the quarter-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2025Q4 · recorded 2026-02-13
Scope
Global · GE Vernova (Electrification and Power), Vertiv, Siemens Energy Grid Technologies, HD Hyundai Electric, Hyosung Heavy, LS Electric; Eaton stays raw-only. Share of global total: 45% — About 45% of global grid / DC power-equipment backlog across seven makers; Hitachi Energy, Schneider, Mitsubishi and Toshiba are not in USD.
2026-08-28GE Vernova's electrification revenue rose 68% on data center deals in a single quarter. link ↗Indicator then: 4Q25 +24.9%
2026-07-29Vertiv shares fell 17% after a revenue miss in Q2, though management called the issue temporary and raised its outlook. link ↗Indicator then: 4Q25 +24.9%
2026-07-23GE Vernova's backlog reached $176 billion in Q2 as power and electrification demand accelerated. link ↗Indicator then: 4Q25 +24.9%
2026-07-02HD Hyundai Electric signed a $721 million deal with Big Tech to supply power equipment to a North America data center. link ↗Indicator then: 4Q25 +24.9%
Grid Equipment PPI
US PPI grid equipment (power transformers + switchgear) · Supply-Demand · Grade 5
AWhy it is importantPower, grid & cooling · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Power, grid & cooling — US transformer and switchgear prices
Why it matters
Transformer and switchgear prices show how scarce grid gear is for data-centre hookups; rising prices point to a power bottleneck.
How representative
US-made transformers and switchgear are ~10% of global grid-equipment value; small, but a clean monthly price read on scarcity.
Timing
Coincident — Producer prices move with current tightness
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Weighted US producer price index for power transformers (weight 0.6) and switchgear (0.4), published monthly by the BLS.
Higher = rising prices for grid equipment, a sign of tight supply for DC power build-outs.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( weighti × Vi,t ) weights re-scaled to the members present
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
US PPI
index
—
60%
V2
US PPI
index
—
40%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
index; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-14
Scope
US · BLS PPI for US-made transformer and switchgear manufacturing; imports and non-US makers are outside. Both series sit on 1980s bases. Share of global total: 10% — About 10% of global grid-equipment value: US-made transformers and switchgear.
2026-07-09US utilities are racing to secure transformers and turbines as data center demand strains equipment supply, lifting prices and lead times. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +0.0%
N. America DC Vacancy
North America DC vacancy (CBRE primary markets) · Supply-Demand · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo — North America colocation vacancy
Why it matters
Vacancy shows whether data-centre space is scarce; falling vacancy means AI tenants are absorbing capacity and pushing new builds.
How representative
North America ~40% of global colocation inventory x CBRE primary markets ~75% = ~30%; mainly hyperscaler and AI lab leases.
Timing
Coincident — Vacancy reflects space already leased
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Share of available colocation space that is empty in North America's primary data-center markets, per CBRE.
Lower = tighter colocation supply, meaning stronger demand for data-center space.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in %:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
CBRE North America DC Vacancy
%
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous year
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 2 observations
Unit
%; change in %
Frequency
Yearly · latest period 2026 · recorded 2026-08-31
Scope
North America · CBRE primary markets only; secondary markets and self-built hyperscale campuses are left out. Share of global total: 30% — About 30% of global colocation inventory: North America ~40% x CBRE primary markets ~75%.
What changed.2026: 1.40%, +0.0% vs 2025 (1-yr average −13.2% per year).
Vacancy held at the 1.4% record low because H1 2026 net absorption of 1,456 MW (+11.7% YoY) kept pace with a 33.7% jump in primary-market inventory to 10,903 MW, leaving almost nothing unleased.
New supply is arriving pre-committed: 80.4% of the 7,481 MW under construction was preleased in H1 2026 versus 74.3% a year earlier, so completions convert straight into occupied space rather than lifting vacancy.
Hyperscale and AI tenants are competing for large contiguous, powered blocks, and with grid connections the binding constraint, developers cannot add speculative space fast enough to rebuild an availability buffer.
Less than 1,500 MW of future primary-market capacity remains unleased, roughly six months of demand at the current pace, so vacancy only rises if absorption slows or power-ready deliveries accelerate.
So what: Vacancy pinned at a floor while PJM capacity still clears at its cap 6.8 GW short says power, not buildings, is the binding constraint on North American AI data-center supply.
FRecent news
2026-09-02North American data center vacancy sits at an all-time low even as record construction is under way. link ↗Indicator then: 2025 −26.3%
2026-08-27CBRE reports data center demand still outpaces supply in North America despite record construction activity. link ↗Indicator then: 2025 −26.3%
2026-07-24CBRE data show North American data center growth slowing in Q2 as available capacity runs out. link ↗Indicator then: 2025 −26.3%
AWhy it is importantPower, grid & cooling + Data centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Power, grid & cooling + Data centres & colo — US grid capacity auction prices
Why it matters
Auction prices show grid scarcity as data centres add load; high prices raise power cost and can slow site development.
How representative
PJM (Northern Virginia, Ohio) ~15% plus MISO ~3% of global data-centre power draw = ~18%; mainly serves data-centre-heavy regions.
Timing
Leading — Auctions price capacity years ahead of delivery
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Clearing price of annual capacity auctions in PJM and MISO, in dollars per megawatt-day, weighted by region.
Higher = scarcer grid capacity as data-center load grows.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( weighti × Vi,t ) weights re-scaled to the members present
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
PJM Base Residual Auction
USD/MW-day
—
70%
V2
MISO Planning Resource Auction
USD/MW-day
—
30%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous year
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 1 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD/MW-day; change in %
Frequency
Yearly · latest period 2025 · recorded 2025-12-27
Scope
US (PJM, MISO) · PJM Base Residual Auction (weight 0.7, RTO price) and MISO Planning Resource Auction summer price (0.3); other US grids are excluded. Share of global total: 18% — About 18% of global DC power draw: PJM ~15% (Northern Virginia, Ohio) + MISO ~3%.
MISO Planning Resource Auction: $190.95 (81% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-12FERC allowed MISO to correct a $280M error in its capacity auction results. link ↗Indicator then: 2025 +118.9%
2026-07-16PJM's capacity auction cleared at the price cap again, reflecting tight supply amid data center load growth. link ↗Indicator then: 2025 +118.9%
2026-07-14PJM's capacity auction procured 138,318 MW of generation resources as it works to address growing electricity demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2025 +118.9%
A thin reserve margin warns that Texas, a large data-centre growth market, may lack power for new AI load.
How representative
ERCOT is ~5% of global data-centre power draw; small, but Texas is a fast-growing AI campus location and a useful stress read.
Timing
Leading — Forecast of future supply versus demand
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Planning reserve margin forecast for the Texas grid (ERCOT), from its Capacity, Demand and Reserves (CDR) report.
Lower = tighter Texas grid, as large data-center loads absorb spare generation capacity.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in %:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
ERCOT CDR Planning Reserve Margin
%
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous half-year
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 2 observations
Unit
%; change in %
Frequency
Half-yearly · latest period 2026H1 · recorded 2026-03-10
Scope
US (Texas) · ERCOT CDR planning reserve margin and adjusted peak forecast; other US grids are excluded. Share of global total: 5% — About 5% of global DC power draw.
ERCOT CDR Planning Reserve Margin: 1.10% (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-12Texas set a new peak demand record, while supply constraints will limit growth. link ↗Indicator then: 2026H1 +6.4%
2026-08-04Texas governor paused new data center grid approvals pending a statewide audit, as ERCOT faces a 474 GW interconnection queue. link ↗Indicator then: 2026H1 +6.4%
2026-07-29ERCOT forecasts Texas energy demand will double within six years, driven largely by large loads such as data centers. link ↗Indicator then: 2026H1 +6.4%
AWhy it is importantAI chips & ASIC · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
AI chips & ASIC — GPU and custom-chip vendor revenue
Why it matters
Accelerator vendors' sales are the main measure of AI chip supply shipped; they set demand for memory, packaging and servers.
How representative
NVIDIA ~80%, Broadcom ~8%, AMD ~5%, Marvell ~2% is ~90% of AI-accelerator value; serves hyperscalers and labs, with Huawei and in-house chips outside.
Timing
Coincident — Revenue booked as chips ship
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly AI-related revenue reported by NVIDIA, Broadcom, AMD and Marvell, weighted by each line's AI share.
Higher = more AI accelerators shipped and paid for; lower = accelerator demand or supply easing.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
NVIDIA Data Center Compute Revenue
USD bn
100%
83%
V2
Broadcom AI Semiconductor Revenue
USD bn
100%
12%
V3
AMD Data Center Segment Revenue
USD mn
50%
3%
V4
Marvell Data Center End-Market Revenue
USD bn
75%
2%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 3 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q1 · recorded 2026-05-04
Scope
Global · NVIDIA data center compute, Broadcom AI semiconductors, AMD data center (about half AI), Marvell data center (75% AI); Huawei and in-house chips excluded. Share of global total: 90% — 90% of 2026 AI-accelerator value: NVIDIA ~80%, Broadcom ~8%, AMD ~5%, Marvell ~2%; Huawei and in-house chips outside.
NVIDIA Data Center Compute Revenue: $8.3bn (79% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-27Marvell reported record second-quarter fiscal 2027 revenue and raised its annual forecast on data center demand. link ↗Indicator then: 1Q26 +19.7%
2026-08-26NVIDIA reported second-quarter fiscal 2027 results, with data center compute remaining the main revenue driver. link ↗Indicator then: 1Q26 +19.7%
2026-08-04AMD reported record second-quarter 2026 revenue, with data center sales roughly doubling year over year. link ↗Indicator then: 1Q26 +19.7%
TSMC makes nearly all leading AI chips; its HPC sales show AI silicon output one step before finished systems.
How representative
TSMC makes ~90% of 5nm-and-below wafers and nearly all CoWoS-L; HPC ~60% of revenue, so ~85% of AI-accelerator wafer value, mainly NVIDIA and custom-chip customers.
Timing
Leading — Wafers are sold before systems ship
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly TSMC revenue multiplied by the latest quarterly share from high-performance computing (HPC), an estimate of AI-heavy foundry sales.
Higher = more leading-edge wafers and CoWoS output going to AI chips.
Formula
Xt = V1,t × HPC sharelatest quarter ÷ 100
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
TSMC
TWD k
—
80%
V2
TSMC HPC Platform Revenue Share
%
—
20%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Global (Taiwan-listed) · TSMC monthly revenue times latest reported HPC platform share; other foundries and non-HPC platforms excluded. Share of global total: 85% — 85% of AI-accelerator wafer value: TSMC ~90% of 5nm-and-below wafers and nearly all CoWoS-L; HPC ~60% of revenue.
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Global Unichip
TWD k
60%
40%
V2
Alchip
TWD k
90%
60%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month average; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · GUC (AI/HPC ~60%) and Alchip (AI ~90%) monthly revenue; Broadcom and Marvell design services excluded. Share of global total: 25% — 25% of custom AI-ASIC design-service revenue; Broadcom ~60% and Marvell ~13% make up the rest.
Comparison window
Auto-widened: compared as single months the reading swung by ±18% per month and kept reversing direction (noise cap 12%); trailing 3 months vs the 3 before cut that to ±6%
Score 4: direct read of custom ASIC programs, but only two Taiwan firms in a market led by Broadcom.
Signal / noise
2 / 5
SNR 2.0: turnkey wafer pass-through and one-off NRE alternate, so months are lumpy; gaps at Trainium2 to 3.
Reliability
5 / 5
Reliability 5.0: statutory monthly filings from the Taiwan exchange, rarely revised.
Scope
25%
Covers ~25% of design-service revenue, so it is a partial sample of the ASIC market.
Grade
3 / 5
0.4 × importance 4 + 0.3 × SNR 2 + 0.3 × reliability 5 = 3.70 → 4, capped at the weaker of SNR / reliability + 1 = 3
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026-07: $218mn
Compared with
2026-04: $119mn
Change
+82.6%
1-yr avg change
+19.7% per window (4 obs)
Momentum
Turned up
Driver
Alchip: $49mn (85% of the change)
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026-07: $218mn, +82.6% vs 2026-04 (1-yr average +19.7% per window).
Alchip drove the move: the 3-month average rose from 119.2 to 217.7, and Alchip's 46.4 to 121.2 is about three quarters of the 98.5 gain, while GUC added about 24; this is concentrated in one program.
Alchip's July revenue doubled to over NT$7.4bn on 10 Aug as its customer's 3nm AI accelerator entered mass production, a new monthly record, with wafer and packaging pass-through lifting sales.
GUC's July sales rose 158% year on year to an all-time high (reported 17 Aug) and its turnkey share passed 80% of revenue, so GUC's contribution is steadier but smaller.
Alchip guided Q3 to another record on 14 Aug despite gross-margin pressure, so the 3-month figure should keep rising through August data; the turning point is when the 3nm ramp plateaus.
So what: ASIC design-service revenue has doubled on one 3nm ramp; the supply signal is real, but a single-customer program concentrates the risk.
FRecent news
2026-08-10Alchip July revenue doubled to over NT$7.4 billion as 3nm AI chip mass production set a new monthly record. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +82.6%
2026-08-14Alchip's Q2 revenue rose 82.6% as the N3 AI accelerator ramped, and it guided a record Q3. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +82.6%
2026-08-17Global Unichip hit an all-time high as July sales surged 158% year on year. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +82.6%
Taiwan builds most AI chips and servers; new orders show demand hitting the supply base before shipments.
How representative
MOEA electronic orders are ~50% of global foundry and OSAT value (ICs and components ~55%); AI-linked ~40%, so a broad, noisy read.
Timing
Leading — Orders are placed before shipment and revenue
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly value of export orders Taiwan firms receive for electronic products, including goods made offshore.
Higher = customers placing more chip and component orders, typically 1-3 months before shipments.
Formula
Xt = Vt
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in USD bn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Taiwan Export Orders
USD bn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 2 observations
Unit
USD bn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-20
Scope
Taiwan · MOEA electronic-products orders, mostly foundry and IC, produced in Taiwan or offshore; AI-linked ~40% per member data. Share of global total: 50% — 50% of global foundry + OSAT value: ICs and components are ~55% of it.
Comparison window
Export orders alternate month to month (std 15%, flips 62%)
Global AI chip shipments (Epoch, H100e) · Downstream HW: Semi & ODM · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantAI chips & ASIC · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
AI chips & ASIC — Cross-vendor AI chip shipments
Why it matters
Shipment units show compute supply added each quarter across all designers, the physical base for model training and inference.
How representative
Epoch covers NVIDIA, AMD, Google TPU, Amazon Trainium and Huawei, ~95% of AI compute shipped, so ~90% of the global link.
Timing
Coincident — Counts chips as they ship
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Epoch AI's estimate of quarterly AI chip shipments across all designers, converted into NVIDIA H100-equivalent units.
Higher = more AI compute capacity physically shipped, independent of chip price.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in H100e mn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Epoch AI Chip Sales
H100e mn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
H100e mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-07
Scope
Global · NVIDIA, AMD, Google TPU, Amazon Trainium and Huawei shipments; estimates built from filings, analyst and media data. Share of global total: 90% — 90% of AI compute shipped; Epoch's designers cover about 95%.
Epoch H100e shipments 4.462mn to 4.535mn; growth fell from +17.8% in 4Q25 to +2.2% in 1Q26 and +1.6% in 2Q26.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: 4.54 H100e mn, +1.6% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +12.0% per quarter).
The near-flat 2026Q2 print looks like a stale vintage: the series' current vintage puts 2026Q1 at 4.54mn and 2026Q2 at 5.82mn H100e (+28% QoQ), with Google TPU v7 and Nvidia B300 contributing about 53% and 45% of the gain.
The earlier 2026Q1 stall is a coverage artefact: Amazon Trainium2 and Huawei Ascend carry no 2026 estimates yet, removing about 0.35mn H100e versus 2025Q4, while Nvidia still added about 0.43mn as B300 replaced B200.
Nvidia's calendar-quarter demand kept compounding: fiscal Q1 2027 (Feb-Apr 2026) data-center revenue rose 21% QoQ to $75.2bn, and fiscal Q2 (May-Jul) total revenue reached $96.2bn with a $108bn Q3 guide.
Google's Ironwood TPU v7, generally available from November 2025 and anchored by Anthropic's plan for up to one million TPUs, ramped to about 1.4mn H100e in 2026Q2, making custom silicon the fastest-growing slice of shipments.
So what: Against Nvidia's 21% sequential data-center revenue growth and a $108bn next-quarter guide, the flat print reflects data lag and coverage gaps, not demand digestion.
FRecent news
2026-09-03Broadcom's AI revenue tripled to US$16.7 billion as custom accelerator demand outstripped its roadmap. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +1.6%
2026-08-27Nvidia expects about $20 billion of Vera Rubin system sales in Q3, roughly 20% of data center revenue, as shipments begin. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +1.6%
2026-07-21Nvidia confirmed Vera Rubin systems are shipping, adding a new accelerator generation to quarterly volumes. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +1.6%
T-Glass Cloth Revenue
Low-CTE glass cloth for AI substrates (Nitto Boseki Electronic Materials) · Downstream HW: Semi & ODM · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantMaterials & passives · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Materials & passives — Low-CTE glass cloth for substrates
Why it matters
T-glass cloth is a scarce input to AI chip substrates; shortages here can hold back accelerator output upstream.
How representative
Nitto Boseki is ~90% of low-CTE T-glass for AI substrates; segment revenue (T-glass ~50%, plus E-glass) gives ~80% coverage, serving substrate makers.
Timing
Leading — Materials are bought ahead of substrate and chip builds
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly revenue of Nitto Boseki's Electronic Materials segment, which includes low-CTE T-glass cloth used in AI chip substrates.
Higher = more demand for the scarce glass cloth in AI ABF and BT substrates.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD mn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Nitto Boseki Electronic Materials Business Revenue
JPY mn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the quarter-average FX rate before summing.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-07
Scope
Japan-listed · Nitto Boseki Electronic Materials segment (T-glass ~50%, plus standard E-glass); other T-glass suppliers excluded. Share of global total: 80% — 80% of low-CTE T-glass for AI substrates: Nitto Boseki ~90%, less the E-glass in the segment.
Score 5: T-glass gates AI substrate supply, but the member is scored 4 as segment revenue includes non-AI glass.
Signal / noise
3 / 5
SNR 3.0: half the segment is standard E-glass, and allocation news during the shortage moves reported timing.
Reliability
5 / 5
Reliability 5.0: CIQ segment data from audited filings; the segment definition is stable.
Scope
80%
Covers ~80% of T-glass supply, so it is a near-complete supplier read.
Grade
4 / 5
0.4 × importance 5 + 0.3 × SNR 3 + 0.3 × reliability 5 = 4.40 → 5, capped at the weaker of SNR / reliability + 1 = 4
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026Q2: $113mn
Compared with
2026Q1: $101mn
Change
+11.6%
1-yr avg change
+6.0% per quarter (4 obs)
Momentum
Accelerating
Driver
Nitto Boseki Electronic Materials Business Revenue: $12mn (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-06Nittobo raised its FY2027 net profit forecast by JPY 3B and said it plans no further T-glass price hikes. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +11.6%
2026-07-03Guangyuan is investing about US$1B in T-glass capacity as Chinese suppliers challenge Japanese dominance of low-CTE glass cloth. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +11.6%
AWhy it is importantMemory & storage · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Memory & storage — HBM, DRAM, NAND and HDD makers
Why it matters
Memory and storage sales show how much AI demand reaches the hardware that holds model data; HBM is required in every accelerator.
How representative
SK hynix ~36%, Samsung ~33%, Micron ~24% of DRAM and HBM; with SanDisk and HDD makers, ~85% of AI memory and storage value.
Timing
Coincident — Revenue booked as memory ships
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly revenue of memory and storage makers, each weighted by its AI-related share of sales.
Higher = more spending on HBM, server DRAM, enterprise SSD and nearline disks, partly price-driven.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
SK hynix Quarterly Revenue
KRW bn
60%
41%
V2
Samsung Electronics DS Division Revenue & OP
KRW bn
35%
25%
V3
Micron Quarterly Revenue
USD mn
55%
25%
V4
SanDisk Datacenter End-Market Revenue
USD mn
85%
2%
V5
Seagate Total Revenue (USD mn/qtr)
USD mn
80%
3%
V6
Western Digital Total Revenue
USD mn
85%
4%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the quarter-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-31
Scope
Global · SK hynix, Samsung DS, Micron, SanDisk DC, Seagate, Western Digital; AI shares 35-85% by member; other memory makers excluded. Share of global total: 85% — 85% of AI memory and storage value: SK hynix ~36%, Samsung ~33%, Micron ~24% of DRAM/HBM; SanDisk ~12% NAND eSSD; Seagate ~40%, WD ~42% HDD.
SK hynix (KRW 22.7tn to 34.3tn equivalent, +51%), Samsung DS (+56%) and Micron (+74%) drove the quarter; HDD makers added under 3% of the increase.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: $96.2bn, +55.4% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +40.5% per quarter).
The 55% quarter-on-quarter jump was concentrated in the three DRAM/HBM makers: SK hynix and Samsung each supplied about a third of the gross increase and Micron another 28%, while SanDisk, Seagate and Western Digital together added under 4%.
The common driver was price, not volume: in its fiscal Q3 (March-May 2026) Micron's DRAM average selling prices rose in the low-60s percent while bit shipments grew only low-single digits, lifting revenue 74% sequentially to $41.5B.
Korean makers showed the same mechanism in calendar Q2: SK hynix revenue rose 51% to KRW 79.3tn on higher DRAM/NAND prices and first HBM4 volume shipments, and Samsung's DS revenue rose 56% to KRW 127.5tn on server-memory pricing.
The pace eased from Q1's 64% because contract hikes are narrowing (server DRAM contracts were expected to rise 13-18% in Q3 as long-term agreements cap increases), so Q3 growth depends more on HBM4 volumes than price.
So what: Revenue now tracks memory contract prices almost one-for-one; watch DRAM contract price momentum, as slowing price hikes will decelerate this aggregate before any volume change shows.
FRecent news
2026-07-30Samsung's DS unit delivered 99.7% of Q2 operating profit, with HBM4 revenue reportedly set to triple in Q3. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +55.4%
2026-07-29SK hynix reported record Q2 profit that missed forecasts and outlined W40tr-plus in spending. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +55.4%
AWhy it is importantMemory & storage · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Memory & storage — Korea chip exports, 10-day flash
Why it matters
Korea ships most memory; early customs data gives a fast read on memory demand before company earnings.
How representative
Korea ~60% of global memory bits and memory ~60% of Korean chip exports, so ~35% of memory and chip exports; includes non-AI chips.
Timing
Leading — Published mid-month, ahead of earnings and monthly data
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Korea Customs' first 10-day and 20-day semiconductor export values, published mid-month ahead of the full month.
Higher = stronger memory and chip shipments out of Korea, mostly memory.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD mn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Korea Customs 1-10 / 1-20 Day Semiconductor Exports
USD bn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous week
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 7 observations
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Weekly · latest period 2026-08-23 · recorded 2026-08-22
Scope
Korea exports · Semiconductor exports from Korea Customs dekadal releases; not adjusted for working days; non-Korean chip makers excluded. Share of global total: 35% — 35% of memory + chip exports: Korea ~60% of global memory bits, memory ~60% of Korean chip exports.
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−6 − 1 this 6-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 1 observations
Unit
USD mn, trailing 6-month average; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2025-12 · recorded 2026-04-15
Scope
Korea to Taiwan · HS 8542.32 memory exports to Taiwan, mainly SK hynix and Samsung HBM; other memory shipped to Taiwan is included. Share of global total: 60% — 60% of HBM flowing into CoWoS: SK hynix + Samsung ~65% of HBM bits shipped via Korea-to-Taiwan.
Comparison window
Auto-widened: compared as single months the reading swung by ±30% per month and kept reversing direction (noise cap 12%); trailing 6 months vs the 6 before cut that to ±10%
AWhy it is importantServers & ODM · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Servers & ODM — Taiwan AI-server assembly (ODM)
Why it matters
ODMs build the racks that hyperscalers buy; their revenue shows AI servers moving from chips into deployed systems.
How representative
Hon Hai ~40%, Wistron/Wiwynn ~20%, Quanta ~15%, Inventec ~5%, Gigabyte ~5%, about 85% of AI servers; ~75% after non-Taiwan assemblers.
Timing
Coincident — Revenue booked as racks are delivered
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Combined monthly revenue of five Taiwan AI-server makers, weighted by each firm's AI-server share.
Higher = more AI racks assembled and recognised for hyperscaler customers.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Hon Hai
TWD k
45%
53%
V2
Quanta
TWD k
60%
18%
V3
Wistron
TWD k
65%
24%
V4
Inventec
TWD k
30%
3%
V5
Gigabyte
TWD k
50%
2%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Hon Hai (45% AI), Quanta (60%), Wistron incl. Wiwynn (65%), Inventec (30%), Gigabyte (50%); non-Taiwan assemblers excluded. Share of global total: 75% — 75% of AI-server ODM output: the five hold ~85% (Hon Hai ~40%, Wistron/Wiwynn ~20%, Quanta ~15%), times 0.9 for non-Taiwan assemblers.
Comparison window
Rack shipments recognised in lumps (std 15%, flips 43%)
Score 4: rack assembly is the last step before deployment, but notebooks and phones sit in the same revenue.
Signal / noise
2.2 / 5
SNR 2.2: iPhone and notebook seasonality plus lumpy rack recognition (std 15%); Wistron double-counts Wiwynn.
Reliability
5 / 5
Reliability 5.0: statutory monthly filings from each company.
Scope
75%
Covers ~75% of AI-server ODM output, so it is a large majority.
Grade
3 / 5
0.4 × importance 4 + 0.3 × SNR 2.2 + 0.3 × reliability 5 = 3.76 → 4, capped at the weaker of SNR / reliability + 1 = 3
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026-07: $80.6bn
Compared with
2026-04: $71.8bn
Change
+12.3%
1-yr avg change
+12.4% per window (4 obs)
Momentum
Rising (slower)
Driver
Hon Hai: $1.3bn (69% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-09-05Foxconn's August revenue hit a record NT$921.8B on strong AI computing demand. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +12.3%
2026-08-12Foxconn said AI servers now account for more than half of its revenue. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +12.3%
2026-08-04Wistron's Q2 profit rose 54% to a record and it is investing over NT$10B in capacity and an AI computing center. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +12.3%
AI-Server Rails + BMC
TW monthly rev AI server shipment proxy (King Slide + ASPEED) · Downstream HW: Semi & ODM · Grade 5
AWhy it is importantServers & ODM · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Servers & ODM — Server rails and management chips
Why it matters
Each server needs one management chip and rails; their revenue is a unit-count read on AI servers shipped.
How representative
ASPEED ~70% of server BMCs and King Slide ~60% of AI-rack slide rails, so ~65% of AI-server units; small parts, clean unit proxy.
Timing
Leading — Parts ship before final server assembly
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Combined monthly revenue of King Slide (server rails) and ASPEED (server management chips), used as a per-server unit count proxy.
Higher = more servers being built; the signal usually leads ODM revenue by about one month.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
King Slide
TWD k
55%
70%
V2
ASPEED
TWD k
35%
30%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · King Slide (AI-rack rails, 55% AI) and ASPEED (server BMC, 35% AI); ODM and other rail or BMC makers excluded. Share of global total: 65% — 65% of AI-server units: ASPEED ~70% of server BMCs, King Slide ~60% of AI-rack slide rails.
2026-09-04Aspeed plans double-digit price increases in Q4 and says next year's order backlog already exceeds this year's revenue. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +36.7%
2026-08-06King Slide posted a fifth straight monthly revenue record on AI server rail demand. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +36.7%
2026-07-30Aspeed expects AI server demand to drive growth through 2027. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +14.5%
2026-07-07King Slide reported record second-quarter revenue on AI server slide-rail demand. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +14.5%
AWhy it is importantServers & ODM · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Servers & ODM — Taiwan-firm AI server orders
Why it matters
Taiwan firms assemble most AI servers; new export orders show rack demand before it is shipped or booked as revenue.
How representative
About 70% of AI-server orders: MOEA counts offshore-built orders (~90% of AI-server ODM orders); PCs and networking dilute it. Mainly serves US hyperscaler rack programs.
Timing
Leading — Orders precede shipments and ODM revenue by months
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly value of export orders Taiwan firms receive for information and communication technology products, including offshore-built servers.
Higher = more server and networking orders placed, typically 1-3 months before ODM revenue.
Formula
Xt = Vt
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in USD bn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Taiwan Export Orders
USD bn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 2 observations
Unit
USD bn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-20
Scope
Taiwan · MOEA ICT orders (AI servers ~55%), plus PCs and networking; includes offshore production of Taiwan firms. Share of global total: 70% — 70% of AI-server orders: MOEA orders cover ~90% of AI-server ODM orders, less PCs and networking in ICT.
Comparison window
Export orders alternate month to month (std 18%, flips 75%)
2026-08-20Taiwan's July export orders reached a record US$97.9B, up over 60% year on year, driven by AI orders. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +12.8%
US Server Imports
US server imports (HS 8471.50, world) · Downstream HW: Semi & ODM · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantServers & ODM + Data centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Servers & ODM + Data centres & colo — US server arrivals (HS 8471.50)
Why it matters
Servers landing in the US show racks actually being delivered into US data centres, the largest AI demand market.
How representative
About 50% of AI-server demand: US is ~55% of global demand and imports ~90% of US supply; mostly hyperscaler and neocloud clusters.
Timing
Coincident — Customs value records physical delivery when it happens
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly value of US imports of servers and processing units (HS 8471.50) from the world.
Higher = more AI racks landing in the US for data center fills.
Formula
Xt = Vt
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in USD mn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
US Imports HS 8471.50 Processing Units
USD bn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-09-06
Scope
US imports · HS 8471.50 imports from all origins; classification shifts across 8471.50, 8471.80 and 8473.30 can move value. Share of global total: 50% — 50% of AI-server demand: the US is ~55% of global demand and imports ~90% of US supply.
Comparison window
Customs value lumpy by shipment (std 16%, flips 67%)
US Imports HS 8471.50 Processing Units: $8.3bn (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-31The Trump administration is weighing extending chip tariffs to laptops and servers, possibly scrapping January's data center exemptions. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +18.4%
2026-08-11The US trade deficit grew for a fourth consecutive month as AI investment pulled in imports. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +18.4%
AWhy it is importantNetworking & optics · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Networking & optics — Optical transceivers and lasers
Why it matters
Optical modules link GPUs across racks; revenue growth shows cluster scale-out spending turning into shipments.
How representative
Innolight, Eoptolink, Coherent, Lumentum and Fabrinet cover ~55% of the optical-module market; Innolight ~25% and Eoptolink ~15% mainly serve hyperscaler 800G orders.
Timing
Coincident — Reported revenue records shipments in the same quarter
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly revenue of five optical module and component makers, weighted by each firm's AI datacom share.
Higher = more 800G and 1.6T transceivers and lasers going into AI clusters.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Innolight Revenue
USD mn
95%
28%
V2
Eoptolink Revenue
USD mn
95%
20%
V3
Coherent Datacom / Networking Revenue
USD mn
90%
23%
V4
Lumentum Total Revenue
USD mn
75%
16%
V5
Fabrinet Revenue ($M/qtr)
USD mn
55%
13%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-12
Scope
Global (US and China makers) · Innolight, Eoptolink, Coherent datacom, Lumentum, Fabrinet; AI shares 55-95%; other transceiver makers excluded. Share of global total: 55% — 55% of the transceiver market: Innolight ~25%, Eoptolink ~15%, Coherent ~10%, Lumentum lasers ~5%, plus Fabrinet contract build (partly overlapping).
AWhy it is importantNetworking & optics · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Networking & optics — AI cluster switching fabric
Why it matters
Networking spend rises with cluster size; it shows how many GPUs are being wired into single training clusters.
How representative
NVIDIA ~50% and Arista ~15% give ~65% of AI data-centre networking; serves hyperscaler and large neocloud clusters.
Timing
Coincident — Revenue booked as switches ship to clusters
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly revenue of NVIDIA's data center networking line plus Arista Networks, weighted by AI share.
Higher = AI clusters getting larger and needing more scale-up and scale-out switching.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
NVIDIA Data Center Networking Revenue
USD bn
100%
86%
V2
Arista Networks Revenue ($B/qtr)
USD mn
45%
14%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-04
Scope
Global · NVIDIA InfiniBand, Spectrum-X and NVLink (100% AI) plus Arista (45% AI); Cisco, Broadcom switches and white-box excluded. Share of global total: 65% — 65% of AI data center networking: NVIDIA ~50% and Arista ~15%.
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of Accton, Taiwan's main white-box data center switch maker.
Higher = more 800G Ethernet switches shipped into AI and cloud data centers.
Formula
Xt = Vt
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in USD mn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Accton
TWD k
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Accton monthly revenue only; Arista, Cisco and other white-box makers excluded. AI share set at 100%. Share of global total: 15% — 15% of AI Ethernet switching: Accton ~50% of white-box switches, white-box ~30% of AI Ethernet switching.
What changed.2026-07: $3.4bn, +40.6% vs 2026-04 (1-yr average +14.0% per window).
Accton is the only member: its rolling 3-month revenue reached 3,378 versus 2,403 in April (+40.6%), and monthly revenue has been stepping up since April after a flat 2,200-2,250 range in late 2025 to March.
Accton set a third straight monthly revenue record in June (reported 7 Jul) on AI infrastructure demand, so the July total built on an already high base.
The 8 Aug report on July revenue tied the jump to AI switch demand and expanding 1.6T port shipments, the higher-speed generation that carries more value per switch.
Switch orders follow cloud accelerator deployments, so the same hyperscaler build-out lifting ASIC revenue supports this move; a plateau in monthly records would be the turning signal.
So what: Switch revenue is up 41% on 1.6T shipments and cloud AI cluster build-outs; it corroborates ASIC demand, but depends on a few hyperscaler customers.
FRecent news
2026-07-07Accton set a third straight monthly revenue record on AI infrastructure demand. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +36.2%
2026-08-08Accton revenue jumped on AI switch demand as 1.6T shipments expanded. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +40.6%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 0 observations
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month average; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2024-12 · recorded 2025-04-20
Scope
China exports · HS 8517.62 and 8517.79 exports, which include non-data-center telecom gear; other countries' plants excluded. Share of global total: 45% — 45% of global optical-module value: China-based plants ~50%, less telecom gear in the HS codes.
Comparison window
Auto-widened: compared as single months the reading swung by ±18% per month and kept reversing direction (noise cap 12%); trailing 3 months vs the 3 before cut that to ±7%
Score 4: China-based plants dominate optics, but the HS codes are not AI-specific, so it is a cross-check.
Signal / noise
1 / 5
SNR 1.0: HS codes are dominated by non-DC network equipment, which swamps the AI signal.
Reliability
5 / 5
Reliability 5.0: official customs statistic; China Customs blocks the cloud sandbox (HTTP 412) so fetches run locally.
Scope
45%
Covers ~45% of global optical-module value, so it is a large minority.
Grade
2 / 5
0.4 × importance 4 + 0.3 × SNR 1 + 0.3 × reliability 5 = 3.40 → 3, capped at the weaker of SNR / reliability + 1 = 2
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2024-12: $3.6bn
Compared with
2024-09: $3.4bn
Change
+4.7%
1-yr avg change
n/a per window (0 obs)
Momentum
Rising (slower)
Driver
China Customs Optical Transceiver Module Exports: −$19mn (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-11The FCC proposed banning imports of Chinese optical transceivers, putting China's 56% share of global module manufacturing and its export volumes at policy risk. link ↗Indicator then: Dec-24 +4.7%
2026-08-05Chinese optical module makers' shares slumped after a report that the US plans to ban imports of their transceivers. link ↗Indicator then: Dec-24 +4.7%
TW Power & Cooling Rev.
Taiwan server power & liquid-cooling revenue (Delta, Lite-On, AVC, Auras) · Downstream HW: Peripherals (power, optics) · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantPower, grid & cooling · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Power, grid & cooling — AI rack power and liquid cooling
Why it matters
Power shelves and liquid cooling are needed for every dense AI rack; their sales show rack build-out beyond the chips.
How representative
About 55% of AI-rack power and cooling: Delta ~50% and Lite-On ~15% of power supplies, AVC ~30% and Auras ~10% of liquid cooling; mainly serves NVIDIA rack programs.
Timing
Coincident — Sales follow rack shipments month by month
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Combined monthly revenue of Delta, Lite-On, AVC and Auras, weighted by their AI power and cooling share.
Higher = more power supplies and liquid cooling content going into AI racks.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Delta Electronics
TWD k
35%
64%
V2
Lite-On
TWD k
30%
15%
V3
Asia Vital Components
TWD k
55%
17%
V4
Auras
TWD k
45%
4%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Delta (35% AI), Lite-On (30%), AVC (55%), Auras (45%); mixed with EV, automation, optoelectronics and notebook thermal. Share of global total: 55% — 55% of AI-rack power and cooling: power 65% (Delta ~50%, Lite-On ~15%) and cooling 40% (AVC ~30%, Auras ~10%), content-weighted.
2026-09-06Delta Electronics raised its AI revenue outlook on stronger data center demand, supporting its power and cooling revenue. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +1.8%
2026-07-31Delta lifted capex to NT$70 billion for global capacity expansion, saying AI demand shows no sign of cooling. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +1.8%
2026-07-30Lite-On plans a US$919 million Texas investment to expand AI server power product capacity. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +9.7%
2026-07-14Liquid-cooling orders are booked through year-end with production lines on double shifts. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +9.7%
US Transformer Imports
US large power transformer imports (HS 8504.23) · Downstream HW: Peripherals (power, optics) · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantPower, grid & cooling + Data centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Power, grid & cooling + Data centres & colo — Grid large power transformers
Why it matters
Transformers are a hard bottleneck for connecting new data centres to the grid; imports show supply arriving for that.
How representative
About 35% of global data-centre-driven demand: imports ~80% of US supply and US ~45% of demand; serves utilities and large campus developers.
Timing
Leading — Grid equipment arrives before data centres energise
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly value of US imports of large power transformers (HS 8504.23), the grid equipment data centers need.
Higher = more grid and substation equipment landing in the US to serve data-center load growth.
Formula
Xt = Vt
Readingt = Σj=0…5 Xt−jtrailing 6 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in USD mn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
US Imports HS 8504.23 Large Power Transformers
USD mn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−6 − 1 this 6-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 2 observations
Unit
USD mn, trailing 6-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-09-06
Scope
US imports · Customs-reported large power transformer imports by origin country; excludes domestically made units and smaller distribution transformers. Share of global total: 35% — About 35% of global DC-driven demand: imports are ~80% of US supply and the US is ~45% of demand.
Comparison window
Customs value lumpy by shipment (v5, widened from 3): 3-month changes swung −33% to +89% within five months; latest 6 months vs the 6 before
AWhy it is importantPower, grid & cooling · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Power, grid & cooling — On-site and grid generation equipment
Why it matters
Gas turbines, gensets and fuel cells power sites the grid cannot serve; sales show how hard firms work around grid delays.
How representative
About 50% of data-centre-linked generation equipment: GE Vernova ~35% of heavy-duty gas turbines, Caterpillar ~40% and Cummins ~20% of large gensets; Bloom leads fuel cells.
Timing
Leading — Equipment is ordered well before sites need power
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly revenue of on-site and grid power-generation equipment makers serving data centers: GE Vernova Power, Caterpillar, Cummins, Bloom.
Higher = more turbines, gensets and fuel cells delivered to power new AI data centers.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
GE Vernova Power Segment Revenue
USD mn
30%
45%
V2
Caterpillar Energy & Transportation
USD mn
45%
30%
V3
Cummins Power Systems Segment Sales
USD mn
35%
17%
V4
Bloom Energy Revenue
USD mn
60%
8%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-05
Scope
Global (US-led) · GE Vernova Power segment, Caterpillar power generation sales, Cummins Power Systems and Bloom Energy; other turbine and genset makers are left out. Share of global total: 50% — About 50% of DC-linked generation equipment: GE Vernova ~35% of heavy-duty gas turbines, Caterpillar ~40% and Cummins ~20% of large DC gensets.
What changed.2026Q2: $4.1bn, +14.2% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +7.8% per quarter).
The 14% q/q rise was broad-based: Bloom contributed about 37% of the gain, GE Vernova Power 30%, Caterpillar power generation 25% and Cummins about 8%, all citing data-center demand for on-site and backup power.
Bloom's Q2 product revenue reached $935mn (+215% y/y) as AI data-center fuel-cell installations were accepted, taking total revenue past $1bn for the first time; on 28 July it raised 2026 guidance to $3.9-4.2bn.
Caterpillar's power generation sales rose to $3.1bn (+29% y/y) on large reciprocating gensets and turbines for data centers, and GE Vernova Power revenue rose to $5.5bn (+14% y/y) led by aeroderivative turbine volume and price.
The Q1 dip followed the usual post-Q4 delivery drop; capacity, not demand, is the limit, with GE Vernova's gas backlog plus reservations at 116 GW against 20 GW/year of output and Cummins short of large-genset capacity.
So what: Power gear grew 14% q/q versus Accton switches' 47%; with 116 GW of turbine backlog against 20 GW/year output, power delivery will pace AI capacity additions.
FRecent news
2026-08-04Caterpillar lifted its 2026 sales growth target on strong data center demand for power generation equipment. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +14.2%
2026-08-04Cummins raised its full-year 2026 outlook on data center power demand after strong second-quarter results. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +14.2%
2026-07-28Bloom Energy reported record second-quarter 2026 revenue and raised full-year guidance. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +14.2%
2026-07-23GE Vernova's gas turbine backlog rose to 116 GW in the second quarter, pointing to sustained power equipment revenue. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +14.2%
US data-center construction spending (Census C30) · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo — US data-centre buildings
Why it matters
Shells, power and cooling must be built before servers can be installed, so construction spend gates AI capacity.
How representative
About 45% of global data-centre construction spend: Census covers all US private builds; includes non-AI sites, excludes servers inside.
Timing
Leading — Buildings precede server installs by several quarters
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly value of private data-center construction put in place in the US, seasonally adjusted annual rate (Census C30).
Higher = more money being spent on building data-center shells, ahead of equipment installs.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD mn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
US Census C30
USD bn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-09-01
Scope
US · All US private data-center construction as counted by Census; includes non-AI builds and excludes servers and equipment inside the building. Share of global total: 45% — About 45% of global DC construction spend: C30 covers all US private DC construction and the US is ~45% of global.
Census C30, seasonally adjusted annual rate: 75,166 in Jul-26 versus 47,810 in Jul-25; monthly gains of 6.4%, 6.2%, 7.7%, 6.2% since April.
ERecent news
2026-09-01Census data showed data-center construction spending surged in July. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +6.2%
2026-08-03Data centers drove growth in US nonresidential construction spending in June even as total construction spending fell. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +6.2%
2026-07-28ConstructConnect reported $22.3 billion of data center construction starts, the second-highest on record. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +7.7%
Frontier DC Capacity
Frontier AI data-center capacity (Epoch) · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo — Frontier AI campus capacity
Why it matters
Giant training campuses set the ceiling for frontier model compute; megawatts planned show where future GPU demand will land.
How representative
About 50% of AI data-centre capacity under build: Epoch tracks ~40 frontier campuses; mainly OpenAI, Anthropic, Meta, xAI and Google sites.
Timing
Leading — Planned megawatts precede chips and racks installed
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Total operational plus planned power capacity, in megawatts, of frontier AI data-center campuses tracked by Epoch AI.
Higher = more frontier-scale AI compute sites operating or planned; a step up usually means new campuses added.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in MW:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Epoch AI Frontier Data Centers
MW
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Unit
MW; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-24
Scope
Global (mostly US) · About 40 frontier AI campuses, tracked by satellite imagery and permit filings; smaller and non-frontier data centers are left out. Share of global total: 50% — About 50% of AI DC capacity under build: Epoch's ~40 campuses cover roughly half.
Epoch AI Frontier Data Centers: 467 (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-11Super Micro landed a gigawatt-scale AI data-center deal with SpaceX and xAI, adding to planned frontier capacity. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +3.9%
2026-08-11Mistral AI outlined a $38 billion European compute plan, adding planned frontier training capacity. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +3.9%
Utility Contracted DC Load
US utility contracted DC load (Dominion, AEP, Southern, Exelon) · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo + Power, grid & cooling · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo + Power, grid & cooling — Utility-contracted large load
Why it matters
Signed power contracts show data-centre projects reaching firm commitment; grid supply is a key limit on AI growth.
How representative
About 20% of global: Dominion, AEP, Southern and Exelon hold ~45% of the US contracted large-load pipeline; serves hyperscaler campuses.
Timing
Leading — Power contracts are signed years before load arrives
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly gigawatts of large electricity load contracted with four US utilities, mostly for data centers: Dominion, AEP, Southern, Exelon.
Higher = more signed data-center power demand that utilities must serve, a leading sign of DC builds.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Dominion Energy Data-Center Capacity under Electric Service Agreements
GW
100%
25%
V2
AEP Contracted Load Additions by 2030
GW
80%
30%
V3
Southern Co / Georgia Power Contracted Large Load
GW
80%
15%
V4
Exelon High-Probability Large Load Pipeline
GW
85%
30%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 3 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
GW; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-06
Scope
US · Contract-backed stages only (ESA, LOA, high-probability) at Dominion, AEP, Southern Co and Exelon; other utilities and speculative queue requests are excluded. Share of global total: 20% — About 20% of global: four utilities ≈ 45% of the US contracted large-load pipeline, and the US is ~45% of global.
AEP rose 4.8 GW to 55.2 and Southern 4.8 to 13.6; Exelon fell 5.95 to 9.35; Dominion 10.4 to 12.0.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: 90.2, +6.2% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +20.0% per quarter).
The aggregate's net gain came from AEP and Southern adding about 4.8 GW each with Dominion adding 1.6 GW, while Exelon's 5.9 GW drop offset more than half of that; this was not a sector-wide increase.
Southern signed about 6 GW of new large-load contracts in the quarter, including a 25-year, 3.2 GW Georgia Power agreement with OpenAI near Savannah and roughly 3 GW at Alabama Power, raising contracted load to 17 GW (disclosed 30 Jul 2026).
AEP added about 6 GW of signed load agreements in Q2, mostly in Texas, which lifted contracted additions through 2030 to 69 GW, and on 30 Jul 2026 it raised its 2026 EPS guidance to $6.25-6.55.
Exelon now counts a project as high-probability only once the customer signs a transmission security agreement and posts collateral; that cut the category from 18 GW to about 11 GW, so the decline reflects stricter screening rather than customers leaving.
So what: Contracted gigawatts are rising more slowly as utilities demand collateral, so 2028+ load is firming up; check against CBRE under-construction data, where Atlanta's surge matches Southern's gains.
FRecent news
2026-08-04Southern Co. said contracted large load rose to 17 GW in the second quarter. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +6.2%
2026-07-31Exelon cut its high-probability data-center load pipeline by 40% after screening requests. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +6.2%
2026-07-31Dominion beat second-quarter 2026 profit estimates, with data-center demand underpinning its contracted capacity. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +6.2%
2026-07-30AEP raised full-year guidance on AI-driven demand, citing a 69 GW demand pipeline. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +6.2%
ERCOT Large-Load Approvals
ERCOT large loads approved to energize · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo + Power, grid & cooling · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo + Power, grid & cooling — Texas approved large loads
Why it matters
Approval to energise is a late-stage step, so Texas approvals show large AI and other sites about to draw power.
How representative
About 5% of global load: ERCOT ~15% of the US pipeline, rounded down for crypto and industrial loads. Small but a clean monthly official read.
Timing
Leading — Approval comes just before sites energise
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Gigawatts of large electricity loads that ERCOT, the Texas grid operator, has approved to energize.
Higher = more large loads, mostly data centers, cleared to connect to the Texas grid.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in GW:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
ERCOT Large Loads Approved to Energize
GW
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 9 observations
Unit
GW; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-05 · recorded 2026-08-20
Scope
Texas (ERCOT) · Official ERCOT count of large loads approved to energize; includes crypto and industrial loads, and excludes other US grids. Share of global total: 5% — About 5%: ERCOT ≈ 15% of the US large-load pipeline × US ≈ 45% of global gives ~7, rounded down for non-DC loads.
ERCOT Large Loads Approved to Energize: 0.0 (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-09-01ERCOT delayed Batch Zero classifications for Texas large-load projects a second time. link ↗Indicator then: May-26 +0.6%
2026-08-21ERCOT aims to finish the governor-ordered data-center audit by December. link ↗Indicator then: May-26 +0.6%
2026-07-28CenterPoint expects 14 GW to be eligible for ERCOT's Batch Zero large-load process. link ↗Indicator then: May-26 +0.6%
N. America DC Under Constr.
North America DC capacity under construction (CBRE) · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo — Leasing-market capacity under construction
Why it matters
Capacity under construction and preleased share show how much new data-centre supply is coming and already claimed.
How representative
About 35% of global: North America ~50% of capacity under construction times CBRE primary markets ~75%; mostly hyperscaler preleases.
Timing
Leading — Buildings under construction precede energised capacity
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Megawatts of data-center capacity under construction in North America's primary markets, with the share already preleased (CBRE).
Higher = more DC capacity being built, and a high preleased share means tenants have already committed.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in MW:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
CBRE North America DC Capacity Under Construction
MW
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous year
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 2 observations
Unit
MW; change in %
Frequency
Yearly · latest period 2026 · recorded 2026-08-31
Scope
North America · CBRE primary markets only; secondary markets and self-built hyperscale campuses outside CBRE coverage are left out. Share of global total: 35% — About 35% of global: North America ≈ 50% of global capacity under construction × CBRE primary markets ≈ 75%.
CBRE North America DC Capacity Under Construction: 1,487 (100% of the change)
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026: 7,481, +24.8% vs 2025 (1-yr average +9.6% per year).
Atlanta drove roughly two-thirds of the ~1.5 GW year-on-year increase, with under-construction capacity up 52% to 2,882 MW; Northern Virginia supplied most of the rest, rising 16.5% to 2,420 MW.
Atlanta overtook Northern Virginia as the largest build market thanks to tax incentives, available labor, rural sites and cooperative power supply, while Dominion's batched power delivery limited how quickly Northern Virginia projects could start.
Record-low 1.4% vacancy left under 1,500 MW available across primary markets, about six months of absorption, which pushed tenants to commit earlier and lifted preleasing of capacity under construction from 74.3% to 80.4%.
Shortages of equipment and mechanical/electrical capacity are delaying ready-for-service dates by more than six months, so part of the increase is projects staying in the pipeline longer, not only new starts.
So what: The rebound after 2025's dip is heavily preleased and centred on Atlanta, which matches Southern's 6 GW of new contracted load and suggests demand is moving to markets where power is available.
FRecent news
2026-08-27CBRE reported North American data-center demand outpacing supply despite record construction activity. link ↗Indicator then: 2025 −5.6%
2026-08-27US data-center vacancy hit a record-low 1.4% in H1 2026, with capacity under construction heavily preleased. link ↗Indicator then: 2025 −5.6%
AWhy it is importantSemi equipment & parts · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Semi equipment & parts — Front-end wafer-fab tools
Why it matters
Fab tools must be bought before chips can be made; revenue shows chipmakers' confidence in future AI and other chip demand.
How representative
ASML, AMAT, Lam, KLA, TEL, Kokusai and Lasertec hold ~78% of global WFE (ASML 23%, AMAT 17%, Lam 14%); serve TSMC, Samsung, SK hynix, Micron.
Timing
Leading — Tools are ordered 1-2 years before chips ship
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly revenue of the seven largest front-end wafer-fab equipment makers: ASML, AMAT, Lam, KLA, TEL, Kokusai, Lasertec.
Higher = chipmakers are buying more fab tools, an early sign of leading-edge logic, HBM and packaging expansion.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
ASML Net Sales (EUR bn/qtr)
EUR mn
50%
33%
V2
Applied Materials Revenue ($B/qtr)
USD mn
45%
24%
V3
Lam Research Revenue ($B/qtr)
USD mn
50%
18%
V4
KLA Revenue ($B/qtr)
USD mn
50%
12%
V5
Tokyo Electron SPE Sales
JPY bn
40%
10%
V6
Kokusai Electric Revenue
JPY mn
40%
1%
V7
Lasertec Revenue
JPY mn
70%
2%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the quarter-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Global · ASML, Applied Materials, Lam Research, KLA, Tokyo Electron SPE, Kokusai and Lasertec; smaller tool makers are left out. Share of global total: 78% — About 78% of global WFE (Gartner 2025: ASML 23%, AMAT 17%, Lam 14%, TEL 13%, KLA 8%, Kokusai 2%, Lasertec 1%).
Lam (+15% QoQ) and Applied (+13%) led the quarter, with ASML +6%; Lam's gain came from NAND and DRAM etch/deposition, Applied's from DRAM, advanced logic and packaging.
ERecent news
2026-08-13Applied Materials guided next-quarter revenue above estimates on AI demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +9.8%
2026-07-30Tokyo Electron posted record June-quarter sales and profit, raised guidance and announced larger shareholder returns. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +9.8%
2026-07-28KLA reported record fiscal fourth-quarter revenue of $3.66 billion and guided higher. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +9.8%
2026-07-15ASML raised its full-year sales forecast for the second time this year on AI chip demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +9.8%
AWhy it is importantSemi equipment & parts · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Semi equipment & parts — Japan-made chip tools
Why it matters
Japan-made tools (etch, deposition, inspection) go into every advanced fab; monthly billings give an early tool-demand read.
How representative
About 30% of global WFE: TEL, Screen, Kokusai, Lasertec, Canon and Nikon; covers both AI and non-AI fabs, so a broad read.
Timing
Leading — Tool billings precede fab output
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly billings of Japan-made semiconductor equipment, reported as a 3-month moving average by SEAJ.
Higher = more Japanese-made chip tools shipped, indicating rising global fab equipment spending.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD mn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
SEAJ Japan-Made Semiconductor Equipment Billings
JPY bn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-25
Scope
Japan-made equipment · Billings of Japanese tool makers such as TEL, Screen, Kokusai, Lasertec, Canon and Nikon; non-Japanese makers are excluded. Share of global total: 30% — About 30% of global WFE: Japan-made tools ≈ 30% of the global total.
SEAJ Japan-Made Semiconductor Equipment Billings: $235mn (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-07-30Tokyo Electron, Japan's largest equipment maker, posted record quarterly sales and profit and raised guidance. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 −2.4%
AWhy it is importantSemi equipment & parts · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Semi equipment & parts — All chip equipment billings
Why it matters
Total equipment billings show how much the whole industry is investing in new capacity, AI and non-AI.
How representative
About 95% of global equipment billings via SEMI and SEAJ members; not AI-specific, so AI share depends on the tool mix.
Timing
Leading — Billings precede capacity and chip output
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly worldwide semiconductor equipment billings, the SEMI WWSEMS global headline in US dollars.
Higher = more global chip-equipment spending, a broad sign of fab expansion.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD bn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
SEMI WWSEMS Global Equipment Billings
USD bn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-09-03
Scope
Global · SEMI and SEAJ member reporting of global equipment billings, with a regional split; non-member sales are left out. Share of global total: 95% — About 95% of global equipment billings, based on SEMI / SEAJ member reporting.
AWhy it is importantSemi equipment & parts + Foundry & packaging · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Semi equipment & parts + Foundry & packaging — Taiwan CoWoS and test tools
Why it matters
CoWoS packaging is a key AI-chip bottleneck; Taiwan tool makers sell into it before capacity adds appear.
How representative
Taiwan makers ~30% of CoWoS/SoIC process-tool spend and ~35% of AI-chip test-interface spend; mainly serve TSMC and its OSATs.
Timing
Leading — Tools are bought before packaging capacity ramps
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of ten Taiwan makers of advanced-packaging and chip-test tools, including CoWoS process tools, sockets and probe cards.
Higher = more orders for CoWoS packaging tools and AI-chip test hardware.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Grand Process Technology
TWD k
60%
12%
V2
C Sun
TWD k
50%
7%
V3
Gallant Micro
TWD k
60%
6%
V4
Gallant Precision
TWD k
40%
5%
V5
All Ring Tech
TWD k
40%
6%
V6
Scientech
TWD k
40%
8%
V7
WinWay
TWD k
60%
12%
V8
Chunghwa Precision Test
TWD k
40%
12%
V9
MPI Corp
TWD k
40%
15%
V10
Chroma ATE
TWD k
30%
17%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Grand Process, C Sun, Gallant Micro, Gallant Precision, All Ring, Scientech, WinWay, CHPT, MPI and Chroma; non-Taiwan tool makers are left out. Share of global total: 30% — About 30%: Taiwan makers ≈ 30% of CoWoS / SoIC process-tool spend and ≈ 35% of AI-chip test-interface spend.
AWhy it is importantSemi equipment & parts + Foundry & packaging · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Semi equipment & parts + Foundry & packaging — Packaging and test tools
Why it matters
Advanced packaging and test tools set how many AI chips and HBM stacks can be finished; orders precede that capacity.
How representative
Advantest, Disco, Teradyne, Onto, BESI, Hanmi and ASMPT cover ~55% of packaging and test tool spend; Advantest ~60% of SoC test, BESI ~70% of hybrid bonding.
Timing
Leading — Tools arrive before packaging and test capacity ramps
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly revenue of seven leading packaging and test tool makers: Advantest, Disco, Teradyne, Onto, BESI, Hanmi, ASMPT.
Higher = more spending on AI-chip testing, HBM stacking and advanced-packaging tools.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Advantest Total Revenue
JPY mn
60%
59%
V2
Disco Quarterly Shipments
JPY bn
45%
12%
V3
Teradyne Semiconductor Test Revenue
USD mn
40%
9%
V4
Onto Innovation Revenue
USD mn
50%
5%
V5
BESI Total Revenue (EUR mn/qtr)
EUR mn
50%
5%
V6
Hanmi Semiconductor Total Revenue
KRW mn
90%
6%
V7
ASMPT Semiconductor Solutions Segment Revenue
HKD mn
25%
3%
V8
RoboTechnik
CNY mn
60%
1%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the quarter-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-06
Scope
Global · Advantest, Disco, Teradyne, Onto Innovation, BESI, Hanmi and ASMPT Semiconductor Solutions; other packaging and test tool makers are left out. Share of global total: 55% — About 55% of AP and test tool spend: Advantest ~60% of SoC ATE, Disco ~75% of dicing, BESI ~70% of hybrid bonding.
Advantest Total Revenue: $148mn (33% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-07-30Advantest posted record quarterly profit on AI chip testing demand and raised its forecast. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +19.3%
2026-07-29Teradyne beat Q2 2026 estimates with record revenue as AI demand lifted semiconductor test. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +19.3%
2026-07-23Besi's Q2 2026 orders more than doubled on AI and hybrid bonding demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +19.3%
2026-07-22Samsung plans a 50-tool hybrid bonding production line in Pyeongtaek, a potential demand source for Besi and other bonder makers. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +19.3%
AWhy it is importantSemi equipment & parts · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Semi equipment & parts — Subsystems inside fab tools
Why it matters
Gas, RF, vacuum and purity parts sit inside every fab tool, so their sales move just ahead of tool makers' revenue.
How representative
Seven suppliers are ~40% of merchant subsystems, which are ~25% of a fab tool's parts cost; serve ASML, AMAT, Lam and TEL.
Timing
Leading — Parts ship before tools are finished and billed
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly revenue of seven suppliers of subsystems and materials to fab-tool makers: Entegris, UCT, MKS, Horiba, VAT, Ichor, Advanced Energy.
Higher = tool makers are building more equipment, so upstream parts demand is rising ahead of fab tool revenue.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Entegris Revenue by Segment
USD mn
40%
25%
V2
Ultra Clean Holdings Products Revenue
USD mn
45%
18%
V3
MKS Vacuum Solutions Segment Revenue
USD mn
45%
18%
V4
VAT Group Net Sales (CHF m)
CHF mn
45%
11%
V5
Horiba Semiconductor Segment Sales
JPY mn
40%
10%
V6
Ichor Holdings Revenue ($M/qtr)
USD mn
45%
9%
V7
Advanced Energy Semiconductor Equipment Revenue
USD mn
45%
9%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the quarter-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-07
Scope
Global · Gas and fluid delivery, RF power, vacuum, mass-flow controllers and purity products from these seven; other parts suppliers are left out. Share of global total: 40% — About 40% of merchant supply of a category worth ≈ 25% of the WFE bill of materials.
UCT (+48), VAT (+38), MKS (+37) and Horiba (+30) led the USD mn QoQ gain; every member grew.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: $1.3bn, +21.0% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +5.6% per quarter).
All seven suppliers grew 11-32% quarter on quarter; the largest dollar gains came from Ultra Clean (~22%), VAT (~18%) and MKS (~17%), so the jump reflects higher fab-tool build rates across the sector rather than one company.
Ultra Clean's Q2 revenue rose from $533.7mn to a record $644.9mn (reported 3 Aug 2026), and Q3 guidance of $700-750mn implies its subsystem build rate for equipment makers is still rising.
MKS semiconductor revenue reached $554mn, up 19% quarter on quarter (reported 5 Aug 2026), as tool makers increased orders for vacuum, power and gas-delivery subsystems ahead of advanced-logic and memory fab expansions tied to AI data centers.
VAT's record Q2 order intake of CHF 500mn, up 40% quarter on quarter (22 Jul 2026), points to further revenue gains over the next one to two quarters; a fall in orders would be the first sign of a peak.
So what: Subsystem revenue typically leads equipment makers' shipments by about a quarter, so this step-up suggests WFE output rises in 2H26, ahead of the memory capacity increases in DRAM pricing indicators.
FRecent news
2026-08-04Entegris beat Q2 2026 forecasts and its shares rose 9% on strong materials and purity-solutions demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +21.0%
2026-08-03Ultra Clean reported record Q2 2026 revenue, though cash burn weighed on the stock. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +21.0%
2026-08-03Advanced Energy posted record Q2 2026 revenue and signalled broader growth into 2027 on semiconductor and AI demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +21.0%
2026-07-22VAT Group beat H1 2026 revenue expectations with record orders, though AI-ramp margin pressure hit the shares. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +21.0%
AWhy it is importantSemi equipment & parts · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Semi equipment & parts — EUV pods and tool modules
Why it matters
Gudeng's EUV pods and Foxsemicon's modules are needed at the start of tool building; monthly sales give an early tool read.
How representative
About 20% of Taiwan-sourced WFE parts: Gudeng ~80% of EUV pods, Foxsemicon ~10% of AMAT outsourced modules; only ~45-70% AI-linked.
Timing
Leading — Parts are made before tools ship
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of two Taiwan equipment-parts makers: Gudeng, which makes EUV pods, and Foxsemicon, which makes AMAT modules.
Higher = more EUV layers and Applied Materials tool builds, an early monthly signal for fab equipment demand.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Gudeng Precision
TWD k
70%
45%
V2
Foxsemicon
TWD k
45%
55%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Gudeng Precision (EUV pods) and Foxsemicon (AMAT outsourced modules and parts); other Taiwan parts suppliers are left out. Share of global total: 20% — About 20% of Taiwan-sourced WFE parts: Gudeng ≈ 80% of EUV pods and Foxsemicon ≈ 10% of AMAT outsourced modules.
2026-09-01Gudeng expects robust second-half revenue growth in advanced-packaging wafer carriers. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 −5.2%
2026-08-07Foxsemicon is investing US$234 million in a Thailand Phase II expansion of its semiconductor equipment footprint. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 −5.2%
Tool Exports (NL+JP+US)
Equipment exports: Netherlands + Japan + US (HS 8486, world) · Semicon Upstream Supply · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantSemi equipment & parts · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Semi equipment & parts — Tool exports from NL, JP, US
Why it matters
Exports show finished chip tools leaving the main makers, before fabs book them as equipment and start output.
How representative
About 80% of global HS 8486 exports: Netherlands, Japan and US are ~85% of the total; includes China DUV and mature-node tools.
Timing
Leading — Exports precede fab installation and output
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly value of semiconductor manufacturing equipment (HS 8486) exported to the world by the Netherlands, Japan and the US.
Higher = more chip tools shipped worldwide, a monthly read on fab equipment demand.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Netherlands HS 8486 Exports
EUR bn
45%
45%
V2
Japan HS 8486 Exports — World
USD bn
35%
28%
V3
US HS 8486 Exports
USD bn
40%
27%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 3 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-05 · recorded 2026-08-15
Scope
Netherlands, Japan, US exports · Official customs exports under HS 8486 from the three main exporters; other exporting countries are left out. Share of global total: 80% — About 80% of global HS 8486 exports: the three exporters ≈ 85% of the total.
Comparison window
EUV deliveries of $150-200mn each swing the month (std 33%)
Netherlands HS 8486 Exports: −$352mn (148% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-19Japan's July exports beat estimates on robust chip shipments, with chip equipment exports up about 49%. link ↗Indicator then: May-26 −6.5%
2026-07-15ASML raised its 2026 sales outlook to about 45 billion euros and expanded EUV capacity plans, lifting Dutch tool exports. link ↗Indicator then: May-26 −6.5%
Tool Shipments → Taiwan
Tool shipments into Taiwan (mirror: NL + JP exports to Taiwan) · Semicon Upstream Supply · Grade 2
AWhy it is importantSemi equipment & parts + Foundry & packaging · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Semi equipment & parts + Foundry & packaging — Tools shipped into Taiwan
Why it matters
Taiwan hosts leading-edge and CoWoS capacity, so tool shipments there show AI chip capacity being added.
How representative
About 15% of global: Taiwan ~20% of WFE demand, and Netherlands plus Japan ~70% of its tool imports; mainly serves TSMC.
Timing
Leading — Tools arrive a year or more before output
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly value of chip-making equipment exported from the Netherlands and Japan to Taiwan, mirroring Taiwan's tool imports.
Higher = more tools for Taiwan's leading-edge (N3 / N2) and CoWoS capacity being delivered.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Netherlands HS 8486 Exports
EUR bn
65%
60%
V2
Japan HS 8486 Exports — to Taiwan
USD bn
65%
40%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-06 · recorded 2026-08-27
Scope
Netherlands + Japan to Taiwan · HS 8486 exports from the Netherlands and Japan to Taiwan; US and other origins and non-Taiwan destinations are excluded. Share of global total: 15% — About 15%: Taiwan ≈ 20% of global WFE demand, and NL + JP ≈ 70% of its tool imports.
Comparison window
Lumpy EUV deliveries into Taiwan (std 30%, sign flips 67%)
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the quarter-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-31
Scope
Global · TSMC, SK hynix, Samsung semiconductor facility investment and Micron cash capex; Intel, SMIC and others are left out. Share of global total: 65% — About 65% of global semiconductor capex in 2026.
Covers about 65% of global capex, so it is a majority view.
Grade
4 / 5
0.4 × importance 5 + 0.3 × SNR 3.2 + 0.3 × reliability 4.8 = 4.40 → 5, capped at the weaker of SNR / reliability + 1 = 4
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026Q2: $24.0bn
Compared with
2026Q1: $17.3bn
Change
+38.4%
1-yr avg change
+21.6% per quarter (4 obs)
Momentum
Turned up
Driver
TSMC added the most, rising to $9.4bn from $6.6bn; SK hynix ($5.4bn), Micron ($4.7bn) and Samsung ($4.4bn) also rose, with Samsung and SK hynix rebounding from Q1.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: $24.0bn, +38.4% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +21.6% per quarter).
The 38% Q2 rise was broad-based, with all four spenders higher, but TSMC drove about 41% of the increase and SK hynix and Samsung about 23% each, leaving Micron at 13%.
TSMC spent about $15.6bn in Q2, 42% more than in Q1, and on 16 July lifted its 2026 capex guide to $60-64bn from $52-56bn in January, citing long-term customer commitments for advanced nodes and packaging.
Memory makers turned record HBM and DRAM profits into capacity: Samsung's first-half facility investment topped $19bn alongside a record 2,450tn-won domestic plan, and SK hynix raised 2026 investment to a record ~$31bn on 29 July.
Micron's fiscal Q3 (March-May) net capex reached $7.1bn as it lifted fiscal 2026 spending to about $27bn, mostly for Taiwan and US clean rooms; Q2 broke the usual Q1 dip and Q4 spike, already topping Q4 2025.
So what: Fab capex rose 38% in Q2 while Dutch, Japanese and US tool exports rose only 8.7%, so clean rooms ran ahead of tool deliveries; tool shipments should catch up.
FRecent news
2026-09-03TSMC fab equipment demand has nearly doubled in six months, pushing 2026 capex toward $64B amid tool shortages. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +38.4%
2026-08-07SK hynix will invest $38 billion in new memory chip plants. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +38.4%
2026-08-03SK hynix raised its annual chip investment to a record $31B. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +38.4%
2026-07-27TSMC raised its 2026 capex budget to capture long-term AI and HPC demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +38.4%
AI infrastructure reported cash capex (US big 5 + 6 neoclouds) · Funding · Grade 5
AWhy it is importantCloud & neoclouds · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Cloud & neoclouds — Hyperscaler and neocloud capex
Why it matters
This cash spend buys the GPUs, servers and buildings every other link sells into; it is the chain's demand source.
How representative
US big 5 ~70% plus six neoclouds ~15% give ~85% of global AI data-centre capex in 2026; Q2-2026 AI-weighted capex ~$100bn hyperscalers and $17bn neoclouds.
Timing
Coincident — Reported cash spend matches current purchases; orders lead
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly cash capital spending of the five largest US cloud companies and six listed neoclouds, most of it for AI data centers.
Higher = more cash committed to AI infrastructure, the main demand driver for chips, servers and power.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
AMZN Cash Capital Expenditure
USD bn
75%
22%
V2
GOOGL Cash Capital Expenditure
USD bn
90%
19%
V3
MSFT Cash Capital Expenditure
USD bn
90%
23%
V4
META Cash Capital Expenditure
USD bn
90%
15%
V5
ORCL Cash Capital Expenditure
USD bn
95%
7%
V6
CRWV Cash Capital Expenditure
USD bn
100%
6%
V7
NBIS Cash Capital Expenditure
USD bn
100%
5%
V8
IREN Cash Capital Expenditure
USD bn
90%
2%
V9
Applied Digital Cash Capital Expenditure
USD bn
100%
1%
V10
TeraWulf Cash Capital Expenditure
USD bn
90%
1%
V11
Cipher Mining Cash Capital Expenditure
USD bn
90%
0%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-20
Scope
US (big 5 + neoclouds) · AMZN, GOOGL, MSFT, META, ORCL, CRWV, NBIS, IREN, Applied Digital, TeraWulf and Cipher; China hyperscalers, sovereign and private buyers are left out. Share of global total: 85% — About 85% of global AI DC capex in 2026: big 5 ≈ 70% plus six listed neoclouds ≈ 15%.
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only).
Signal / noise
3.9 / 5
Score 3.9: AI-weighted; only timing noise, plus non-AI spend at Amazon (logistics) and IREN (mining).
Reliability
5 / 5
Score 5.0: audited cash capex from filings; statutory and rarely revised.
Scope
85%
Covers about 85% of global AI DC capex, close to the whole market.
Grade
5 / 5
0.5 × SNR 3.9 + 0.5 × reliability 5 = 4.45 → 5
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026Q2: $172bn
Compared with
2026Q1: $141bn
Change
+22.1%
1-yr avg change
+18.9% per quarter (4 obs)
Momentum
Accelerating
Driver
Amazon ($40.7bn) and Alphabet ($40.4bn) led; Meta jumped to $27.1bn from $17.1bn, while Oracle eased to $15.7bn from $17.7bn.
ERecent news
2026-08-02Amazon raised its 2026 AI capex plan to $220B and said capacity will not meet demand through 2027. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +22.1%
2026-07-01CoreWeave guided 2026 capital spending to $30-35B to double its AI infrastructure capacity. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +22.1%
Hyperscaler Free Cash Flow
AI infrastructure free cash flow (US big 5 + 6 neoclouds) · Funding · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantCloud & neoclouds + Capital & funding · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Cloud & neoclouds + Capital & funding — Cash left after capex
Why it matters
Free cash flow shows whether buyers can fund AI spend from operations or must borrow, which limits how long spending lasts.
How representative
Same ~85% of global AI data-centre capex (US big 5 ~70%, six neoclouds ~15%); mainly a read on hyperscaler funding capacity.
Timing
Lagging — Cash flow reflects past earnings and spending
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly free cash flow (operating cash flow minus capex) of the five largest US cloud companies and six listed neoclouds.
Higher = more internal cash to fund AI spending; lower or negative = growing reliance on debt or equity.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Amazon Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
22%
V2
Alphabet Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
19%
V3
Microsoft Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
23%
V4
Meta Free Cash Flow ($B/qtr, TTM)
USD bn
100%
15%
V5
Oracle Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
7%
V6
CoreWeave Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
6%
V7
Nebius Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
5%
V8
IREN Free Cash Flow ($B/qtr, TTM)
USD bn
100%
2%
V9
Applied Digital Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
1%
V10
TeraWulf Free Cash Flow ($B/qtr)
USD bn
100%
1%
V11
Cipher Mining Free Cash Flow
USD bn
100%
0%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 3 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-20
Scope
US (big 5 + neoclouds) · Amazon, Alphabet, Microsoft, Meta, Oracle, CoreWeave, Nebius, IREN, Applied Digital, TeraWulf and Cipher; whole-company FCF, not AI-only. Share of global total: 85% — About 85% of global AI DC capex, so weights follow capex: big 5 ≈ 70%, six neoclouds ≈ 15%.
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only).
Signal / noise
2.9 / 5
Score 2.9: capex dominates moves but tax timing adds noise, and it is whole-company FCF; neocloud FCF is lumpy with GPU deliveries.
Reliability
5 / 5
Score 5.0: cash-flow figures from audited filings; statutory and rarely revised.
Scope
85%
Covers about 85% of the global AI capex base, close to the whole market.
Grade
4 / 5
0.5 × SNR 2.9 + 0.5 × reliability 5 = 3.95 → 4
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026Q2: −$7.3bn
Compared with
2026Q1: $1.4bn
Change
sign flip −$8.7bn
1-yr avg change
−14.7% per quarter (3 obs)
Momentum
Falling faster
Driver
Amazon -8.82B, Alphabet -5.86B, CoreWeave -5.74B, Nebius -3.41B offset by Microsoft +19.64B; group -7.32B versus +1.36B in Q1 and +44.3B in 2025Q4.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: −$7.3bn, sign change (1-yr average −14.7% per quarter).
Alphabet (-$16.0bn) and Meta (-$11.5bn) made up about 84% of the $32.6bn gross decline, partly offset by $23.8bn of gains at Oracle, Amazon and Microsoft; the common driver was AI capex outrunning operating cash.
Alphabet spent $44.9bn on capex in Apr-Jun and on 22 Jul raised 2026 guidance to as much as $205bn, turning its quarterly free cash flow negative for the first time.
Meta's capex reached $31.1bn against $31.9bn of operating cash, leaving $784m of reported free cash flow, and on 29 Jul it lifted the floor of its 2026 capex range again while legal charges also weighed.
The offsets were timing, not restraint: Amazon recovered from its seasonal Q1 payables outflow despite raising 2026 capex to $220bn on 30 Jul, and Oracle's fiscal Q4 collections narrowed its burn before Jun-Aug fell back to -$5.4bn.
So what: Group cash burn widened while the compute backlog rose $152bn; contracted demand is now funded by debt, making bond-market access the binding constraint.
FRecent news
2026-07-31Meta fell about 10% after burning through nearly all its cash in a single quarter on AI spending. link ↗Indicator then: 1Q26 −96.9%
2026-07-31Microsoft said cash will keep flowing from AI spending, and its shares rose. link ↗Indicator then: 1Q26 −96.9%
AI infrastructure total debt outstanding (US big 5 + 6 neoclouds) · Funding · Grade 5
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding + Cloud & neoclouds · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding + Cloud & neoclouds — Borrowing by AI infrastructure buyers
Why it matters
Rising debt shows AI buildout outrunning internal cash; it signals financing risk if returns or credit conditions weaken.
How representative
Same ~85% of global AI data-centre capex; Q2-2026 debt ~$310bn hyperscalers and $86bn neoclouds; borrowers are mainly Oracle, Meta and CoreWeave.
Timing
Lagging — Debt stock builds after borrowing decisions
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarter-end total debt outstanding of the US big 5 hyperscalers and six listed neoclouds, summed in USD billions.
Higher = more borrowing to fund AI data-center build-out; flat or lower = funding shifting to cash flow or equity.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Oracle Total Debt Outstanding ($B)
USD bn
100%
27%
V2
Amazon Total Debt Outstanding ($B)
USD bn
100%
15%
V3
Meta Total Debt Outstanding ($B)
USD bn
100%
15%
V4
Microsoft Total Debt Outstanding
USD bn
100%
12%
V5
Alphabet Total Debt Outstanding
USD bn
100%
9%
V6
CoreWeave Total Debt Outstanding
USD bn
100%
13%
V7
Nebius Total Debt Outstanding ($B)
USD bn
100%
3%
V8
IREN Total Debt Outstanding ($B)
USD bn
100%
2%
V9
Applied Digital Total Debt Outstanding
USD bn
100%
1%
V10
TeraWulf Total Debt Outstanding
USD bn
100%
1%
V11
Cipher Mining Total Debt Outstanding
USD bn
100%
2%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-20
Scope
US big 5 + listed neoclouds · Oracle, Amazon, Meta, Microsoft, Alphabet, CoreWeave, Nebius, IREN, Applied Digital, TeraWulf, Cipher Mining; excludes China hyperscalers, sovereign, xAI / Stargate, private neoclouds. Share of global total: 85% — About 85% of global AI DC capex 2026: US big 5 about 70% plus six listed neoclouds about 15%.
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only).
Signal / noise
3.8 / 5
SNR 3.8: filed stock data is smooth, but Microsoft and Amazon debt moves partly reflect repayments and non-AI funding rather than AI.
Reliability
5 / 5
Reliability 5.0: statutory filings for every member; neocloud project debt and DDTL step up in blocks but are reported.
Scope
85%
Covers about 85% of global AI DC capex, so it is close to the whole funded universe.
Grade
5 / 5
0.5 × SNR 3.8 + 0.5 × reliability 5 = 4.40 → 5
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026Q2: $867bn
Compared with
2026Q1: $767bn
Change
+12.9%
1-yr avg change
+15.4% per quarter (4 obs)
Momentum
Rising (slower)
Driver
Meta Total Debt Outstanding ($B): $25.5bn (26% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-07-24Moody's warned that unprecedented AI spending threatens the credit quality of Amazon, Meta, Alphabet and others. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +12.9%
2026-07-23BlackRock's $12B bond sale for Meta's El Paso data center showed AI spending moving the credit market. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +12.9%
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo + Capital & funding · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo + Capital & funding — Signed data-centre leases, not started
Why it matters
Leases signed but not started are committed future data-centre demand, a pipeline that feeds developers, power and equipment.
How representative
Oracle (~$250bn), Microsoft (~$100bn) and Meta (~$50bn) are ~60% of disclosed hyperscaler uncommenced leases; Amazon and Alphabet are not included.
Timing
Leading — Commitments come before capacity is delivered
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Undiscounted future lease payments on data-center leases that are signed but not yet started, summed for Oracle, Microsoft and Meta.
Higher = hyperscalers committing to more future data-center capacity off balance sheet.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Oracle Leases Signed Not Yet Commenced
USD bn
95%
63%
V2
Microsoft Leases Signed Not Yet Commenced
USD bn
85%
25%
V3
Meta Leases Signed Not Yet Commenced
USD bn
90%
12%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-29
Scope
US hyperscalers · Oracle (about $250bn), Microsoft (about $100bn), Meta (about $50bn); no neocloud equivalent is disclosed and Amazon and Alphabet are not included. Share of global total: 60% — About 60% of disclosed hyperscaler uncommenced leases, from the three companies above.
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only).
Signal / noise
3.6 / 5
SNR 3.6: filed footnotes are clearly AI-linked, but definitions differ by company and one very large lease causes a jump.
Reliability
5 / 5
Reliability 5.0: filed lease footnotes in 10-Q and 10-K; figures are company-reported and undiscounted.
Scope
60%
Covers about 60% of disclosed uncommenced leases, so a majority but not all.
Grade
4 / 5
0.5 × SNR 3.6 + 0.5 × reliability 5 = 4.30 → 4
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026Q2: $778bn
Compared with
2026Q1: $580bn
Change
+34.2%
1-yr avg change
+49.0% per quarter (4 obs)
Momentum
Rising (slower)
Driver
Microsoft Leases Signed Not Yet Commenced: $113bn (57% of the change)
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: $778bn, +34.2% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +49.0% per quarter).
The roughly $198bn quarter rise was a two-company move: Microsoft contributed about 57% and Meta about 44%, while Oracle was flat, so growth came from the two hyperscalers now signing leases at Oracle-like scale.
Microsoft's fiscal-year 10-K for the quarter to Jun 30, reported Jul 30, showed leases not yet commenced at $329.1bn versus $196.6bn in March, with more than $130bn signed in one quarter and commencing between FY2027 and FY2033.
Meta's Q2 10-Q put leases not yet commenced at about $279bn as of Jun 30, covering data centers, colocation and network sites starting through 2036, and it signed roughly $68bn more in July for 2027-2028 commencement.
Oracle stayed near $260bn at its May 31 fiscal year-end, as new signings roughly matched leases commencing; Meta's July $68bn already points to another rise in the Q3 reading.
So what: Lease commitments grew 34% in a quarter while 12-week AI debt issuance was flat, so hyperscalers are increasingly securing capacity through off-balance-sheet leases rather than new bonds.
FRecent news
2026-08-11JLL reports record 25 GW of H1 2026 data center absorption, supporting more lease signings. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +34.2%
2026-08-04Big Tech data-centre lease commitments have built up to about $1 trillion, Reuters reported. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +34.2%
2026-07-27Data center lease commitments reached $850B, with Meta and Microsoft leading. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +34.2%
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding — New AI-infrastructure debt sold
Why it matters
Weekly issuance shows how willing lenders are to fund AI build-out right now; closed markets would slow orders quickly.
How representative
Captures ~85% of public bonds, high yield, ABS/CMBS and private credit for AI infrastructure; hyperscaler bonds carry the largest weight.
Timing
Leading — Funding is raised before spending happens
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Weekly sum of new AI-infrastructure debt: hyperscaler bonds, neocloud high-yield, data-center ABS / CMBS and private credit.
Higher = capital markets funding more AI build-out; sparse weeks mean the debt window is quiet or shut.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…11 Xt−jtrailing 12 weeks, recomputed every week
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Hyperscaler Public Bond Issuance
USD bn
80%
60%
V2
Neocloud / AI-Infra High-Yield & Secured Bond Issuance
USD bn
100%
14%
V3
Data-Center ABS / CMBS Issuance
USD bn
90%
10%
V4
Private Credit / Project Finance for AI Data Centers
USD bn
100%
16%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−12 − 1 this 12-week window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 5 observations
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
USD bn, trailing 12-week sum; change in %
Frequency
Weekly · latest period 2026-08-30 · recorded 2026-09-01
Scope
US-centred, global AI infra · Hyperscaler public bonds (60% weight), neocloud HY bonds, DC ABS / CMBS, private credit and project finance for AI data centers. Share of global total: 85% — Weekly logs capture about 85% of AI-infra debt: public IG, HY and ABS / CMBS about 60%, private credit about 40%.
Comparison window
Event-type flow: a single $20-30bn bond deal dominates any one week
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only).
Signal / noise
2.4 / 5
SNR 2.4: a single $20-30bn bond dominates any week, and most neocloud weeks are zero, hence a 12-week rolling window.
Reliability
4.2 / 5
Reliability 4.2: bonds are filings-based, but private credit is media-sourced, disclosed late and includes undrawn commitments.
Scope
85%
Covers about 85% of AI-infra debt flows, so close to the whole market.
Grade
3 / 5
0.5 × SNR 2.4 + 0.5 × reliability 4.2 = 3.30 → 3
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026-08-30: $46.3bn
Compared with
2026-06-07: $57.2bn
Change
−18.9%
1-yr avg change
+33.7% per window (5 obs)
Momentum
Falling (narrowing)
Driver
Private Credit / Project Finance for AI Data Centers: $4.4bn (100% of the change)
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026-08-30: $46.3bn, −18.9% vs 2026-06-07 (1-yr average +33.7% per window).
Private credit and project finance drove the move: the 12-week sum rose $4.4bn to $46.3bn, entirely from that member (12.5 to 16.9), while hyperscaler bonds (20.0) and neocloud high-yield (9.4) were unchanged.
On 28 Aug a $2.4bn debt financing for an Iren AI data center, led by Blue Owl funds, was announced, adding a large private-credit deal to the window.
Hyperscaler bond supply is still elevated after Alphabet's A$5.5bn (about $3.9bn) debut Australian-dollar bond on 19-20 Aug and Meta's push for a Korean won bond on 27 Aug, which keep the bond member at $20bn.
The year-on-year gap narrowed from -60% to -19% mostly because last year's comparison base shrank; watch whether the 1 Sep bond selloff in Oracle debt slows new issuance.
So what: Debt funding for AI buildout is shifting toward private lenders while public bond supply holds steady; rising credit stress in Oracle and neoclouds is the risk to watch.
FRecent news
2026-08-28Blue Owl funds led a $2.4 billion debt financing for an Iren AI data center. link ↗Indicator then: 23 Aug −59.7%
2026-08-19Alphabet raised about $3.9 billion in its first Australian-dollar bond. link ↗Indicator then: 16 Aug −60.5%
2026-08-27Meta is pursuing a $724 million won-denominated bond in South Korea to diversify AI funding. link ↗Indicator then: 23 Aug −59.7%
2026-09-01Oracle shares fell 4% as a bond selloff tested its debt-funded AI buildout. link ↗Indicator then: 30 Aug −18.9%
Storage Device PPI
US PPI computer storage devices manufacturing (BLS PCU334112334112) · Supply-Demand · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantMemory & storage · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Memory & storage — US storage device prices
Why it matters
Storage prices rise when AI data needs outrun NAND and disk supply, so this index reads tightness in that link.
How representative
About 30% proxy: US-made storage devices only, catching SSD, HDD and NAND pass-through; not a global or contract price.
Timing
Coincident — Producer prices move with current supply tightness
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly US producer price index for computer storage device manufacturing (BLS series PCU334112334112).
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Unit
index; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-14
Scope
US (domestic producers) · BLS producer prices of US-made storage devices such as SSD and HDD; not a global price and not a NAND or DRAM contract price. Share of global total: 30% — About 30% (proxy): US-produced storage price only, captures NAND / HDD / SSD pass-through but is not the global total.
2026-07-09Server DRAM contract prices are expected to rise 13-18% quarter on quarter in 3Q26 despite caps from long-term agreements. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +29.2%
2026-07-04Samsung reportedly planned a 20% DRAM price hike for Q3, pushing up memory and storage device prices. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +29.2%
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
ADATA monthly revenue (FinMind)
TWD mn
100%
80%
V2
Transcend monthly revenue
TWD mn
100%
20%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month average; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · ADATA (3260, 80% weight) and Transcend (2451, 20%); two of the largest Taiwan DRAM / NAND module sellers, excluding memory makers themselves. Share of global total: 10% — About 10% (proxy): two large Taiwan module sellers, not the global memory market.
Comparison window
Auto-widened: compared as single months the reading swung by ±16% per month and kept reversing direction (noise cap 12%); trailing 3 months vs the 3 before cut that to ±7%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−4 − 1 this 4-week window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 13 observations
Unit
index, trailing 4-week average; change in %
Frequency
Weekly · latest period 2026-08-30 · recorded 2026-09-01
Scope
US-listed · Five equities with heavy AI-capex financing needs: CRWV, NBIS, ORCL, IREN, APLD; price index only, market caps are not summed. Share of global total: 30% — About 30% (proxy): five names with heavy AI-capex financing needs, not a share of the global total.
Comparison window
Auto-widened: compared as single weeks the reading swung by ±10% per week and kept reversing direction (noise cap 10%); trailing 4 weeks vs the 4 before cut that to ±4%
Weekly closes via S&P Capital IQ; equal weight: 1.5 (100% of the change)
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026-08-30: 162, +11.4% vs 2026-08-02 (1-yr average +5.8% per window).
The basket closed the 30 Aug week at 162.49, up 11.4% from four weeks earlier but still about 20% below the late-June 203; this is a rebound led by high-beta neoclouds (CRWV, NBIS, IREN), not a broad re-rating.
CoreWeave's 11 Aug Q2 report, with revenue doubling year on year and a higher 2026 spending plan, lifted the stock about 14% and began the recovery from the 9 Aug trough of 143.19.
Nebius raised $5.75bn of convertibles on 25 Aug above its target, and Nvidia's 26 Aug Q2 results pushed CRWV, NBIS and IREN higher, showing funding markets are open again.
The rebound is fragile: IREN fell about 6% on 26 Aug before results and a warning of a coming neocloud price crash circulated, so the test is whether further financings price on similar terms.
So what: Equity funding capacity has recovered from July, but on sentiment; repeat issuance at tight terms is needed to confirm it.
FRecent news
2026-08-11CoreWeave jumped about 14% after Q2 revenue doubled year on year and it raised its 2026 spending plan. link ↗Indicator then: 09 Aug −22.6%
2026-08-25Nebius raised $5.75bn of convertible debt, above its initial target, and the stock rose about 4% to end a six-session slide. link ↗Indicator then: 23 Aug +6.9%
2026-08-26Nvidia's Q2 results lifted CRWV, NBIS and IREN overnight. link ↗Indicator then: 23 Aug +6.9%
2026-08-27IREN reported a Q4 loss but beat revenue estimates after falling about 6% the day before. link ↗Indicator then: 23 Aug +6.9%
2026-07-16Nebius sank 13% as the neocloud trade unwound, setting up the July-August drawdown from the late-June peak. link ↗Indicator then: 12 Jul −9.2%
NVIDIA's supplier commitments reserve HBM, CoWoS and foundry capacity; growth signals expected accelerator output and upstream orders.
How representative
About 60% of AI accelerator capacity demand (NVIDIA is the dominant buyer); excludes AMD, Broadcom and hyperscaler ASIC purchases.
Timing
Leading — Commitments precede shipments by several quarters
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
NVIDIA's quarter-end total supply and capacity purchase commitments to suppliers, as reported in its 10-Q and 10-K, in USD billions.
Higher = NVIDIA locking up more HBM, CoWoS and foundry capacity, so supply is tighter for others.
Formula
Readingt = 60% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD bn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
NVDA filings
USD bn
60%
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-06-10
Scope
Global (NVIDIA) · NVIDIA's own supplier commitments only; excludes AMD, Broadcom and hyperscaler ASIC purchases. Share of global total: 60% — About 60%: NVIDIA is the dominant AI accelerator buyer of HBM, CoWoS and foundry capacity; commitments show its forward lock-up.
2026-08-29Nvidia locked in $279 billion of commitments largely tied to memory chips to secure supply. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +25.0%
2026-08-27Nvidia's supply commitments more than doubled to $279 billion, a sharp rise in locked-in supplier purchases. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +25.0%
2026-08-26Nvidia reported fiscal Q2 2027 profit of $59.69 billion, roughly double a year earlier, on AI spending. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +25.0%
SK hynix Inventory Days
SK hynix inventory days (inventory / quarterly COGS x 91) · Supply-Demand · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantMemory & storage · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Memory & storage — Lead HBM maker inventory days
Why it matters
HBM is a gating input for AI accelerators; falling inventory days at the top supplier signal tight supply and pricing power.
How representative
SK hynix about 35% of the memory link as leading HBM supplier; serves mainly NVIDIA; excludes Samsung and Micron.
Timing
Coincident — Inventory reflects current supply-demand balance
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly inventory days for SK hynix: inventory divided by quarterly cost of goods sold, times 91.
Lower = tighter supply: inventory is being sold faster than it builds; higher = supply loosening or stock building.
Formula
Readingt = 35% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in days:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
CIQ inventory and COGS
days
35%
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
days; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-14
Scope
Korea (SK hynix) · SK hynix only, the leading HBM supplier; excludes Samsung and Micron. Share of global total: 35% — About 35%: SK hynix is the leading HBM supplier, so its inventory days fall when supply is tight.
Single-company series: DRAM bit shipments rose high-single-digit on HBM3E and AI server DRAM, and HBM4 mass shipments began in 2Q26, pulling days from 133 to 123.
ERecent news
2026-07-29SK hynix posted record Q2 profit that missed forecasts, with sales below Wall Street targets and shares down about 10%. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 −7.9%
Micron Inventory Days
Micron inventory days (inventory / quarterly COGS x 91) · Supply-Demand · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantMemory & storage · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Memory inventory days show whether DRAM and HBM supply is tight enough to limit AI server builds or raise prices.
How representative
Micron about 25% of the memory link, one of three DRAM/HBM makers; fiscal quarters mapped to calendar quarters.
Timing
Coincident — Inventory reflects current supply-demand balance
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly inventory days for Micron: inventory divided by quarterly cost of goods sold, times 91.
Lower = tighter supply: inventory is being sold faster than it builds; higher = supply loosening or stock building.
Formula
Readingt = 25% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in days:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
CIQ inventory and COGS; SEC XBRL
days
25%
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
days; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-12
Scope
US (Micron) · Micron only, one of three DRAM / HBM makers; fiscal quarter ends mapped to the nearest calendar quarter end. Share of global total: 25% — About 25%: Micron is one of three DRAM / HBM makers; fiscal quarters mapped to the nearest calendar quarter end.
Samsung is a major HBM and DRAM supplier, but its inventory also mixes phones and displays, so it is a weak memory read.
How representative
About 10% effective coverage: whole-company inventory, memory only part; useful mainly as a cross-check against SK hynix and Micron.
Timing
Coincident — Inventory reflects current balance, diluted by other units
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly inventory days for whole-company Samsung Electronics: inventory divided by quarterly cost of goods sold, times 91.
Lower = tighter supply: inventory is being sold faster than it builds; higher = supply loosening or stock building.
Formula
Readingt = 10% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in days:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
CIQ inventory and COGS
days
10%
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
days; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-14
Scope
Korea (Samsung) · Whole-company inventory including phones, displays and memory; memory is only part. Share of global total: 10% — About 10%: whole-company inventory (phones, displays, memory); memory is only part, so it is a weak direct read.
CIQ inventory and COGS: 22.40 days (100% of the change)
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: 124 days, +21.9% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +7.7% per quarter).
The jump came from the numerator: inventory rose about KRW13.1tn in the quarter to KRW71.4tn while cost of sales stayed flat at about KRW52.2tn, and finished goods added only KRW1.2tn.
Work-in-progress and semi-finished goods added KRW7.4tn and raw materials KRW4.5tn, as long-term supply agreements locked in customer volumes and Samsung pulled forward wafer starts and materials to meet future shipments; chip-division work-in-progress rose 35% in the first half.
Cost of sales did not grow with sales because the 28% quarter-on-quarter revenue jump to KRW171.5tn, with the chip division up from KRW81.7tn to KRW127.5tn, came mainly from higher memory prices rather than more units, which inflates days on a cost basis.
On July 30 Samsung said the shortage would last into 2028, so this looks like production built ahead of contracted shipments; a rise in finished goods rather than work-in-progress would instead signal unsold stock building up.
So what: The rise reflects production built ahead of contracted shipments, not unsold stock: finished goods barely moved while memory contract prices hit records, the opposite of the 2023 glut.
FRecent news
2026-07-30Samsung said the memory chip shortage will extend to 2028 and touted long-term supply deals. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +21.9%
2026-07-30Samsung posted a record $62 billion quarterly operating profit on the AI memory boom. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +21.9%
2026-07-06Samsung guided a 19-fold jump in Q2 operating profit on memory demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +21.9%
Microsoft New DC Leases
Microsoft new finance-lease additions (ROU assets obtained, mostly data centers) · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo + Cloud & neoclouds · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Finance leases let cloud providers add data-center capacity without upfront capex; a rise shows capacity commitments flowing to landlords downstream.
How representative
Microsoft only, about 15% of hyperscaler lease activity; mainly Azure and OpenAI capacity, stated as primarily data centers.
Timing
Leading — Leases are signed before facilities are live
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Non-cash data-center-type assets Microsoft obtained under new finance leases in the fiscal quarter, in USD billions.
Higher = Microsoft signing or starting more third-party data-center capacity, ahead of owned-build capex.
Formula
Xt = Vt
Readingt = Σj=0…3 Xt−jtrailing 4 quarters, recomputed every quarter
where V = the member's reported value in USD bn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
SEC 10-Q/10-K XBRL; discrete quarters
USD bn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−4 − 1 this 4-quarter window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 1 observations
Unit
USD bn, trailing 4-quarter sum; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-30
Scope
US (Microsoft) · Microsoft finance-lease right-of-use assets, stated as primarily data centers; one hyperscaler only, FQ4 derived as full year less nine months. Share of global total: 15% — About 15%: Microsoft states finance leases are primarily data centers; one hyperscaler only.
Comparison window
Lease signings lumpy by campus (v5, widened from 2): 2-quarter changes swung +62% to −41% within a year; latest 4 quarters vs the 4 before
SEC 10-Q/10-K XBRL; discrete quarters: −$1.4bn (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-07-30Microsoft brought 88 data centers online in FY2026, the capacity build behind its data center finance lease additions. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +20.0%
2026-07-29Microsoft raised its capital spending plans on demand, lifting shares 8%. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +20.0%
Virginia Commercial Power (YoY)
Virginia commercial electricity sales (Northern Virginia DC alley proxy) · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo + Power, grid & cooling · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo + Power, grid & cooling — Northern Virginia data-center power load
Why it matters
Electricity sales show data centers actually switched on and drawing power, the physical end of the capacity build.
How representative
Virginia commercial sales, about 10% proxy; data centers are the main driver of load growth but other commercial users are included.
Timing
Lagging — Load appears after facilities energize
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly commercial-sector electricity sales in Virginia, in GWh, used as a proxy for Northern Virginia data-center load.
Higher = more data-center power demand in the largest US data-center market; compare year on year.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in GWh:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
EIA state retail sales
GWh
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−12 − 1 same month a year earlier (seasonal series)
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 10 observations
Unit
GWh; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-06 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
US (Virginia) · EIA state retail sales, commercial sector; data centers are the main driver of load growth but other commercial users are included. Share of global total: 10% — About 10% (proxy): data centers drive Virginia commercial load growth, but their share of the total is not measured.
EIA state retail sales: 537 GWh (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-12Virginia regulators ordered Dominion to directly assign some transmission costs to data centers. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +4.8%
2026-08-11Data center growth is pushing Dominion deeper into costly power markets to meet Virginia demand. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +4.8%
2026-07-23A line fault dropped 3 GW of data center load in Virginia, showing the scale of Northern Virginia data center demand. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +4.8%
AI Hyperscaler Bond Issuance
AI hyperscaler and neocloud USD bond issuance (AMZN, GOOGL, MSFT, META, ORCL, CRWV), monthly · Funding · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding + Cloud & neoclouds · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding + Cloud & neoclouds — Hyperscaler and neocloud bond issuance
Why it matters
Bond proceeds fund AI capex beyond operating cash flow; heavy issuance signals spending outrunning internal funds, with refinancing risk later.
How representative
Six issuers (Amazon, Alphabet, Microsoft, Meta, Oracle, CoreWeave), about 60% of AI-linked IG and HY bond supply in USD 2025-26.
Timing
Leading — Debt is raised ahead of capex spending
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Trailing three-month sum of USD bonds issued by Amazon, Alphabet, Microsoft, Meta, Oracle and CoreWeave, in USD billions.
Higher = these issuers raising more bond debt to fund AI capex; zero months mean no offering, not missing data.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…5 Xt−jtrailing 6 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Amazon USD notes issued; debt funds AI capex build
USD bn
100%
17%
V2
Alphabet USD notes issued; debt funds AI capex build
USD bn
100%
17%
V3
Microsoft USD notes issued; debt funds AI capex build
USD bn
100%
17%
V4
Meta USD notes issued; debt funds AI capex build
USD bn
100%
17%
V5
Oracle USD notes issued; debt funds AI capex build
USD bn
100%
17%
V6
CoreWeave USD notes issued; debt funds AI capex build
USD bn
100%
17%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−6 − 1 this 6-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 1 observations
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
USD bn, trailing 6-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-08 · recorded 2026-09-02
Scope
US (USD tranches) · Amazon, Alphabet, Microsoft, Meta, Oracle and CoreWeave USD notes at announce date; excludes non-USD tranches and preferred / depositary shares. Share of global total: 60% — About 60% of AI-linked IG / HY bond supply 2025-26; SpaceX / xAI, Nvidia and private SPVs are outside.
Comparison window
Event-type flow (v5, widened from 3): one $20-30bn deal still dominated any 3-month window (3-month changes swung −77% to +226% in 2026); latest 6 months vs the 6 before
Importance 4: bond proceeds mostly fund AI data-center capex, so it reads funding demand directly.
Signal / noise
3 / 5
SNR 3: issuance is lumpy and excluded currencies and preferreds (e.g. Alphabet AUD, Amazon GBP) leave gaps; trailing sum smooths months.
Reliability
4 / 5
Reliability 4: issuance is public and filings-based, but classification of use of proceeds and tranche exclusions are judgement calls.
Scope
60%
Covers about 60% of AI-linked bond supply, a majority.
Grade
3 / 5
0.4 × importance 4 + 0.3 × SNR 3 + 0.3 × reliability 4 = 3.70 → 4, capped at the weaker of SNR / reliability + 1 = 3
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026-08: $119bn
Compared with
2026-02: $127bn
Change
−6.5%
1-yr avg change
−6.5% per window (1 obs)
Momentum
Turned down
Driver
Oracle USD notes issued; debt funds AI capex build: −$25.0bn (125% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-06Alphabet sought up to $25 billion in a 10-part bond sale to fund AI infrastructure spending. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +68.6%
2026-07-07Amazon raised at least $25 billion in a bond sale for AI buildout and said it would issue no more debt in 2026. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +35.5%
Colo Bookings (DLR+EQIX)
Listed colocation signed bookings, annualized rent (Digital Realty + Equinix) · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo — Retail and interconnection colo bookings
Why it matters
New signed rent shows enterprise and cloud demand for leased data-center space, ahead of revenue recognition.
How representative
Equinix about 11% plus Digital Realty about 7%, roughly 18% of global colocation revenue; mix of enterprise, network and hyperscale tenants.
Timing
Leading — Bookings precede revenue by quarters
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Annualized rent on new colocation leases signed in the quarter by Digital Realty and Equinix, in USD millions.
Higher = more data-center capacity pre-sold to tenants one to three years before revenue starts.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…1 Xt−jtrailing 2 quarters, recomputed every quarter
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Digital Realty total bookings
USD mn
100%
47%
V2
Equinix annualized gross bookings
USD mn
100%
53%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−2 − 1 this 2-quarter window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 2 observations
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
USD mn, trailing 2-quarter sum; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-09
Scope
Global (listed colocation) · Digital Realty total bookings (47% weight, incl. hyperscale) and Equinix gross bookings (53%, retail plus interconnection, excl. xScale). Share of global total: 18% — About 18%: Equinix about 11% plus Digital Realty about 7% of global colocation revenue (Synergy 2025 shares, rounded).
Comparison window
Hyperscale leases of $100-400mn annualized rent land in single quarters (DLR std 92%, flips 80%)
What changed.2026Q2: $1.8bn, −3.9% vs 2025Q4 (1-yr average +27.9% per window).
The two-quarter total eased because the second quarter replaced a strong fourth quarter: Digital Realty accounted for about two-thirds of the decline, with bookings of $307mn against $400mn, and Equinix for the rest, with $424mn against a record $474mn.
Digital Realty's swing comes from hyperscale timing: its fourth-quarter bookings were $400mn at 100% share but only $175mn at its own share because of large joint-venture leases, and no comparable mega-lease followed its record 200 MW Charlotte AI inference lease in the first quarter.
Its smaller second-quarter bookings came mostly from enterprise and interconnection deals, with $88mn from sub-1 MW deployments and $20mn from interconnection, a mix that cannot match a single hyperscale signing in dollar terms.
Equinix's $424mn was still its second-highest quarter and up 23% year on year, and both companies raised 2026 guidance in late July, with Digital Realty's signed-not-commenced backlog at $1.9bn, so third-quarter hyperscale signings will decide whether the series turns up again.
So what: The dip reflects when hyperscale deals were signed, not weaker demand: retail and interconnection bookings held near records, and the backlog plus guidance raises point to continued data center absorption.
FRecent news
2026-07-29Equinix reported record Q2 bookings and raised its 2026 guidance and long-term outlook. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +23.6%
2026-07-23Digital Realty posted record Q2 bookings with a $1.9B backlog and raised 2026 guidance, with renewal spreads above 25%. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +23.6%
Colo MW Leased (IRM+APLD)
Listed wholesale / AI colocation MW leased (Iron Mountain + Applied Digital) · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 2
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo — Wholesale AI campus MW signed
Why it matters
Signed megawatts show AI campus demand directly, before revenue or capex appears; it is the first sign of new capacity orders.
How representative
Iron Mountain plus Applied Digital about 3% of global wholesale leasing; small but a clean trend read, mainly serving AI and cloud tenants.
Timing
Leading — Leases precede construction and revenue
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Megawatts of data-center capacity signed in the quarter by Iron Mountain and Applied Digital.
Higher = more AI campus capacity pre-leased; a quiet quarter can just mean no large lease closed.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…1 Xt−jtrailing 2 quarters, recomputed every quarter
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Iron Mountain new + expansion MW leased in the quarter
MW
100%
35%
V2
Applied Digital MW signed in the fiscal quarter
MW
100%
65%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−2 − 1 this 2-quarter window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 1 observations
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
MW, trailing 2-quarter sum; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-09
Scope
US (IRM also Europe / India) · Iron Mountain new plus expansion MW leased (35% weight) and Applied Digital MW signed (65%); wholesale and AI colocation. Share of global total: <5% — About 3%: roughly 1-2% of global wholesale leasing each.
Applied Digital MW signed in the fiscal quarter: 400 (108% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-05Iron Mountain raised its 2026 outlook as Q2 data center leasing passed 110 MW. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +56.1%
2026-07-27Applied Digital reported fiscal Q4 and full-year 2026 results, with signed AI and HPC lease capacity driving its MW under lease. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +56.1%
GDS China Area Committed
GDS Holdings (China) net additional area committed · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 2
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo — China data-hall area committed
Why it matters
China colocation demand is a partial read of AI compute demand under export limits; bookings show domestic capacity orders.
How representative
GDS about 4% of global data-center capacity; China only, serving mainly Chinese cloud and internet firms.
Timing
Leading — Bookings precede delivery and revenue
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Net data-hall area newly committed by customers to GDS Holdings in the quarter, in square metres.
Higher = more China data-center demand; negative = churn or deconsolidation.
Formula
Xt = Vt
Readingt = Σj=0…1 Xt−jtrailing 2 quarters, recomputed every quarter
where V = the member's reported value in sqm:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
GDS 6-K: net additional total area committed
sqm
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−2 − 1 this 2-quarter window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 1 observations
Unit
sqm, trailing 2-quarter sum; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-09
Scope
China · GDS 6-K net additional total area committed in China; excludes other Chinese operators. Share of global total: <5% — About 4%: GDS is about 3-4% of global data-center capacity; China only.
Comparison window
Large China wholesale orders and deconsolidations land in single quarters
GDS 6-K: net additional total area committed: 45,940 sqm (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-14GDS raised 2026 guidance on its Q2 call and set a 1 GW sales target, citing AI-driven data-center demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +1766.2%
2026-08-13GDS reported higher Q2 2026 income and revenue and raised its 2026 revenue guidance. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +1766.2%
2026-08-12DayOne, GDS's international affiliate, was reported to have confidentially filed for a US IPO of about $5 billion. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +1766.2%
NEXTDC Contracted MW
NEXTDC contracted utilisation (Australia + Asia) · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 2
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo — Australia/Asia contracted MW
Why it matters
Contracted megawatts at a regional operator show Asia-Pacific cloud and AI demand for capacity, a stock that builds gradually.
How representative
NEXTDC about 2% of global colocation capacity; Australia, Kuala Lumpur, Auckland; serves mainly hyperscalers and enterprises.
Timing
Leading — Contracts precede utilisation and revenue
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Cumulative megawatts contracted by customers at NEXTDC, an Australia and Asia data-center operator (a stock, not a flow).
Higher = more contracted capacity in Australia / Asia; the change between updates equals new net contracts.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in MW:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
NEXTDC ASX results / updates
MW
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous half-year
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 2 observations
Unit
MW; change in %
Frequency
Half-yearly · latest period 2026H1 · recorded 2026-08-09
Scope
Australia + Asia · NEXTDC pro forma contracted utilisation across Australia, Kuala Lumpur and Auckland; half-yearly. Share of global total: <5% — About 2%: roughly 1% of global colocation capacity.
NEXTDC ASX results / updates: 324 (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-28NEXTDC reported record FY26 contracting, with contracted capacity tripling to 740 MW. link ↗Indicator then: 2026H1 +77.7%
2026-08-27NEXTDC posted record FY26 earnings and a strong outlook. link ↗Indicator then: 2026H1 +77.7%
2026-07-21NEXTDC pro forma contracted utilisation rose 11% to 740 MW, with the forward order pipeline reported at 565 MW. link ↗Indicator then: 2026H1 +77.7%
AI Venture Funding
Global venture funding into AI companies (Crunchbase) · Funding · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding + Models & AI apps · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding + Models & AI apps — Venture funding of AI companies
Why it matters
Venture dollars fund model labs and AI apps, the ultimate demand source; funding swings change compute orders downstream.
How representative
Crunchbase covers about 90% of disclosed global venture dollars; concentrated in a few large lab rounds such as OpenAI and Anthropic.
Timing
Leading — Funding precedes compute spend by the labs
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Venture funding raised by AI companies in the quarter, all stages, per Crunchbase, in USD billions.
Higher = more private capital flowing to AI labs and start-ups; a quarter can be dominated by a few mega-rounds.
Formula
Xt = Vt
Readingt = Σj=0…1 Xt−jtrailing 2 quarters, recomputed every quarter
where V = the member's reported value in USD bn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Crunchbase News quarterly recap
USD bn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−2 − 1 this 2-quarter window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 2 observations
Unit
USD bn, trailing 2-quarter sum; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-10
Scope
Global · All-stage venture rounds for companies Crunchbase tags as AI; latest restated figures. Share of global total: 90% — About 90%: Crunchbase tracks about 90% of disclosed global venture dollars.
Comparison window
Mega-round driven (v5): single rounds (OpenAI, Anthropic, xAI) are 40-80% of a quarter, so a quarter after a record round always reads as a collapse; compared as the latest 2 quarters vs the 2 before
Not scored for this signal class (Funding / Penetration use SNR and reliability only).
Signal / noise
3 / 5
SNR 3: mega-rounds (OpenAI, Anthropic, xAI) are 40-80% of some quarters, and the AI tag is broad.
Reliability
3 / 5
Reliability 3: a data-vendor tally of announced rounds, restated later, not audited.
Scope
90%
Covers about 90% of disclosed venture dollars, so close to the whole disclosed market.
Grade
3 / 5
0.5 × SNR 3 + 0.5 × reliability 3 = 3.00 → 3
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026Q2: $386bn
Compared with
2025Q4: $111bn
Change
+247.7%
1-yr avg change
+129.6% per window (2 obs)
Momentum
Accelerating
Driver
Two-quarter sum $386B (1Q26 $242B, 2Q26 $144B) versus $111B in 3Q25+4Q25, up 248%.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: $386bn, +247.7% vs 2025Q4 (1-yr average +129.6% per window).
AI venture funding in the first half of 2026 ran about 3.5 times the second half of 2025, and the jump was highly concentrated: OpenAI and Anthropic alone raised about $218bn, roughly 56% of the half-year total.
OpenAI closed a $122bn round at an $852bn valuation on 31 March 2026, the largest private financing on record, which lifted Q1 AI funding to about $242bn, roughly 80% of all global venture dollars.
Anthropic followed with a $65bn Series H at a $965bn valuation on 28 May, while 16 billion-dollar-plus rounds, seven of them frontier labs including DeepSeek, StepFun and Moonshot AI, made up 53% of Q2 venture.
Q2 AI funding alone fell to roughly $145bn from Q1's $242bn, so the half-year comparison flattens in Q3 unless another frontier-lab round of $50bn-plus closes before the expected IPOs.
So what: Funding is effectively frontier-lab compute financing; the roughly $190bn OpenAI/Anthropic raises underwrite cloud compute backlog, so a Q3 funding gap would show up later in backlog growth.
FRecent news
2026-07-23Crunchbase reported billion-dollar-plus rounds are rising, concentrating venture funding in a few large AI financings. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +247.7%
2026-07-16China and AI led Asia's startup funding to a multiyear peak in Q2 2026. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +247.7%
2026-07-07North American startup funding set records in H1 2026, driven by AI. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +247.7%
2026-07-02Global startup investment hit a record $510 billion in H1 2026 as AI accelerated funding and exits. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +247.7%
VNET committed MW
VNET wholesale IDC capacity committed by customers (MW, quarter-end) · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 2
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo — China wholesale IDC commitments
Why it matters
Committed capacity shows hyperscale customer demand in China for wholesale data centers, leading revenue.
How representative
VNET about 2-3% of global colocation capacity (about 1 GW in China); serves mainly Chinese hyperscale cloud customers.
Timing
Leading — Commitments precede revenue recognition
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Wholesale data-center capacity that customers have committed to at VNET, China's largest carrier-neutral wholesale operator, in MW at quarter end.
Higher = more China AI / cloud capacity pre-committed ahead of delivery.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in MW:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
VNET "total capacity committed"
MW
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
MW; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-20
Scope
China · VNET wholesale IDC only (retail excluded). Share of global total: <5% — About 2-3% of global colocation capacity.
VNET "total capacity committed": 101 (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-18VNET reported Q2 2026 results with wholesale data-center capacity surpassing 1 GW. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +11.6%
US DC projects blocked
US data-center projects blocked or delayed by local opposition (Data Center Watch, USD bn per quarter) · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 2
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo + Power, grid & cooling · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo + Power, grid & cooling — US local opposition to data centers
Why it matters
Local opposition and permitting friction can block or delay capacity by quarters, constraining where AI supply can land.
How representative
US is about 45-50% of global data-center capex; tracker coverage of projects is partial, so it is a directional read.
Timing
Leading — Delays show before capacity slips
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Value of US data-center projects blocked or delayed by local opposition in the quarter, as tallied by Data Center Watch (10a Labs), in USD bn.
Higher = more local friction (zoning, water, power-price objections): a headwind to new capacity.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD bn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Data Center Watch
USD bn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 2 observations
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-29
Scope
United States · Projects reported blocked or delayed; tracker coverage partial. Share of global total: 60% — US is ~45-50% of global data-center capex.
What changed.2026Q2: $68.0bn, −47.7% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average −7.5% per quarter).
The halving came from fewer contested projects rather than smaller ones: cases fell to 45 from 75 while the average stayed near $1.5bn versus $1.7bn, and the 45 still exceeded half of all large developments in the quarter.
Resistance moved from individual hearings to blanket rules: 14 states proposed statewide moratoriums, New York imposed a one-year statewide pause, and Minneapolis approved a six-month pause in June, keeping projects from reaching the local votes counted here.
Q1's $130bn was a record spike, so part of the drop is a base effect, yet Q2 also fell below the $98bn of Q2 2025 as fewer new large proposals entered local approval.
With 843 opposition groups across 49 states and 30 statehouses adopting siting or utility rules, watch whether the Q3 count rebounds or projects keep migrating to jurisdictions without pauses.
So what: A lower blocked total alongside spreading moratoria means opposition is acting upstream on the pipeline; cross-check against North American data-center construction starts for real slowing.
FRecent news
2026-07-31A report found community opposition helped block $170 billion of US data-center projects. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 −47.7%
2026-07-10About $130 billion of AI data-center projects were reported blocked or delayed so far in 2026, mostly by local opposition. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 −47.7%
US hosting jobs (BLS)
US employment: computing infrastructure, data processing and web hosting (BLS CES, NAICS 518, thousands) · Downstream HW: Data Center · Grade 2
AWhy it is importantData centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Data centres & colo — US hosting and data-processing staffing
Why it matters
Operations headcount follows data-center operation, but the sector is capital-heavy, so jobs move slowly and weakly with AI build.
How representative
US NAICS 518 employment, about 45% coverage of the labour side; weak read because data centers employ few people.
Timing
Lagging — Hiring follows facilities going live
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
US payroll employment in computing infrastructure, data processing and web hosting (NAICS 518), in thousands.
Higher = more people operating cloud and hosting capacity; a slow labour proxy.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in thousands:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
BLS CES employment, NAICS 518
thousands
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 12 observations
Unit
thousands; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-08 · recorded 2026-09-03
Scope
United States · NAICS 518 establishments (cloud, hosting, data processing). Share of global total: 45% — US only.
BLS CES employment, NAICS 518: -7.70 thousands (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-09-04US goods-producing jobs grew at the fastest annual pace in over three years in August, with AI infrastructure build-out cited as a driver. link ↗Indicator then: Aug-26 −1.7%
2026-08-10The US tech sector added jobs in July even as total payrolls fell. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +0.2%
US PPI hosting
US PPI: computing infrastructure, data processing and web hosting services (index) · Supply-Demand · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantCloud & neoclouds · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Cloud & neoclouds — US cloud and hosting service prices
Why it matters
Prices for hosting and cloud services show whether compute supply is tight or loose for buyers; rising prices signal scarcity.
How representative
US producers about 40% of global cloud infrastructure revenue; covers all hosting, not only AI workloads.
Timing
Coincident — Prices reflect current supply-demand balance
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
US producer price index for computing infrastructure, data processing and web hosting services.
Higher = hosting and cloud prices rising: pricing power for compute.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in index:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
BLS PPI hosting and data processing
index
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Unit
index; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-15
Scope
United States · Hosting, cloud infrastructure and data-processing services sold by US producers. Share of global total: 40% — About 40% of global cloud infrastructure revenue.
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-07
Scope
Global · Trane enterprise backlog (25% DC share) and Johnson Controls backlog (15% DC share). Share of global total: 15% — Trane and JCI are about a quarter of global commercial HVAC.
Trane Technologies enterprise backlog; ~25% data-center share: $350mn (70% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-17Trane and Eaton unveiled a joint reference design for power and cooling in AI data centers. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +8.8%
2026-08-07Trane Technologies reported strong Q2 results and raised full-year revenue and EPS guidance, with data-center demand a driver. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +8.8%
2026-07-30Johnson Controls raised its outlook as orders reached a record $21 billion in fiscal Q3. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +8.8%
Si wafer area (MSI)
Worldwide silicon wafer area shipments (SEMI SMG, million square inches) · Semicon Upstream Supply · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantMaterials & passives · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Materials & passives — Global silicon wafer area shipments
Why it matters
Wafer shipments are the base input of every chip; changes show fab utilisation upstream of AI chip output.
How representative
About 95% of global wafer area (SEMI members); AI is a small share, mostly leading-edge logic and HBM DRAM, so a broad gauge.
Timing
Leading — Wafers ship before chips and systems
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Worldwide silicon wafer area shipped by wafer makers in the quarter (SEMI Silicon Manufacturers Group), in million square inches.
Higher = more wafer starts across the industry; AI is a small, leading-edge part of the total.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in MSI:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
SEMI SMG quarterly release
MSI
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
MSI; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-05
Scope
Global · All polished and epitaxial silicon wafers shipped by SMG members. Share of global total: 95% — Industry total (about 95%).
SEMI SMG area rose to 3,573 MSI in 2026Q2 from 3,275 MSI in Q1, the highest in the 14-quarter series.
ERecent news
2026-08-07SUMCO posted an operating loss despite record 300mm wafer shipments, saying 5-10% price hikes will not cover rising costs. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +9.1%
2026-08-06GlobalWafers warned of emerging 12-inch wafer supply constraints as AI demand lifts shipments. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +9.1%
2026-07-30SEMI reported Q2 2026 global silicon wafer shipments up 9.1% sequentially and 7.4% year on year. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +9.1%
US fab construction
US construction spending: computer / electronic / electrical manufacturing (Census, SAAR, USD mn) · Semicon Upstream Supply · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantSemi equipment & parts + Foundry & packaging · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Semi equipment & parts + Foundry & packaging — US fab shell construction
Why it matters
Fab shells come before tool installs and output; spending shows future foundry and memory capacity in the US.
How representative
US about 20% of global fab construction (TSMC Arizona, Intel Ohio, Samsung Taylor, Micron Idaho); also includes other electronics plants.
Timing
Leading — Shells precede tool installs by 12-24 months
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
US private construction spending on computer, electronic and electrical manufacturing plants, seasonally adjusted annual rate, USD mn.
Higher = more US fab and electronics-plant construction in place.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD mn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Census C30 construction spending: computer / electronic / electrical manufacturing
USD mn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-09-01
Scope
United States · Census Value Put in Place, manufacturing: computer/electronic/electrical. Share of global total: 20% — About 20% of global fab construction.
Census C30 construction spending: computer / electronic / electrical manufacturing: −$1.1bn (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-07-22Census data showed manufacturing was the weakest sector in US construction spending, in line with softer fab and electronics plant put-in-place. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 −4.3%
2026-07-20TSMC raised its US investment commitment to $265 billion with another $100 billion for Arizona fabs. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 −4.3%
2026-07-10Micron raised its US manufacturing and supply chain pledge to more than $250 billion. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 −4.3%
AWhy it is importantNetworking & optics · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Networking & optics — AI interconnect and optics suppliers
Why it matters
Connectivity links GPUs inside and across racks; revenue growth shows cluster scale-out and bandwidth needs for AI.
How representative
Credo, Astera Labs, Celestica CCS, Ciena, Corning Optical, about 20% of AI interconnect, retimer, switch and optical-cable revenue; mainly hyperscalers.
Timing
Coincident — Revenue tracks current shipments to clusters
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Revenue of five AI connectivity suppliers — Credo, Astera Labs, Celestica CCS, Ciena and Corning Optical Communications — weighted by AI share, in USD mn.
Higher = more copper cables, retimers, switch systems and fiber shipped into AI clusters.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Credo total revenue
USD mn
90%
10%
V2
Astera Labs revenue
USD mn
90%
8%
V3
Celestica Connectivity & Cloud Solutions segment
USD mn
70%
45%
V4
Ciena revenue
USD mn
35%
15%
V5
Corning Optical Communications
USD mn
45%
22%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-05
Scope
Global · AECs and SerDes (Credo), PCIe/CXL retimers and switches (Astera), hyperscaler switch and server systems (Celestica CCS), DC interconnect (Ciena), data-center fiber (Corning). Share of global total: 20% — About 20% of AI interconnect, switch-system and optical-cable revenue.
2026-09-03Ciena raised its fiscal 2026 revenue outlook after fiscal Q3 results beat estimates. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +15.4%
2026-09-01Credo reported fiscal Q1 2027 revenue of $479 million, up 115% year on year, on AI data-center demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +15.4%
2026-08-04Astera Labs reported Q2 2026 revenue up 104% year on year on AI connectivity demand. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +15.4%
2026-07-28Celestica beat Q2 2026 estimates and raised its outlook on hyperscaler demand for connectivity and cloud systems. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +15.4%
METR time horizon
METR 50% task time horizon of the best model released to date (minutes) · Penetration · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantModels & AI apps · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Models & AI apps — Frontier model task length
Why it matters
Longer task horizons make models able to do delegated work, raising the value and compute demand of AI use.
How representative
Frontier models from all major labs on one benchmark, about 90% coverage; software tasks only, running maximum of best model.
Timing
Leading — Capability gains precede adoption and usage
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Length of software task (in human-expert minutes) that the best model released to date completes with 50% success, per METR's time-horizon benchmark.
Higher = agents can handle longer tasks unattended: the capability behind agentic adoption.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in minutes:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
METR benchmark_results_1_1.yaml
minutes
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
minutes; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-04-14
Scope
Global (frontier labs) · Frontier models measured by METR (Time Horizon v1.1); level held until a new frontier measurement. Share of global total: 90% — All major frontier labs.
Importance 4: task length is what turns chat into delegated work.
Signal / noise
3 / 5
SNR 3: few measurements a year; each model release is a step.
Reliability
4 / 5
Reliability 4: independent evaluator, published methodology; v1.1 re-estimated history.
Scope
90%
Frontier capability, not usage.
Grade
3 / 5
0.4 × importance 4 + 0.3 × SNR 3 + 0.3 × reliability 4 = 3.70 → 4, capped at the weaker of SNR / reliability + 1 = 3
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026Q2: 1,045 minutes
Compared with
2026Q1: 719 minutes
Change
+45.3%
1-yr avg change
+73.1% per quarter (4 obs)
Momentum
Rising (slower)
Driver
METR benchmark_results_1_1.yaml: 326 minutes (100% of the change)
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: 1,045 minutes, +45.3% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +73.1% per quarter).
The running record moved from Claude Opus 4.6 (about 12 hours, February 2026) to an early Claude Mythos Preview checkpoint at about 17.4 hours (1,045 minutes), a single-model step of +45%.
Anthropic released Mythos Preview on 7 Apr 2026 to a limited set of cybersecurity partners, and METR's evaluation put its 50% horizon at 16+ hours on long autonomous software tasks, above any earlier model.
The step was smaller than Q1's +104% because Opus 4.6 had already doubled the record in February, and only 5 of METR's 228 tasks run 16+ hours, capping what the suite can register.
Records have still landed in most quarters since 2024, roughly doubling every 4-5 months; next readings depend on METR adding longer tasks and scoring newer releases such as GPT-5.6 and Claude Opus 5.5.
So what: Frontier task length (+45% QoQ) grew faster than Google's Gemini API run-rate (+37% QoQ); longer autonomous tasks consume more tokens per job, pushing inference demand ahead of user growth.
FRecent news
2026-07-09OpenAI released GPT-5.6, a new frontier model that could lift the best-to-date METR time horizon. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +45.3%
Public GitHub commits co-authored by Claude (weekly, "Co-Authored-By" trailer) · Penetration · Grade 1
AWhy it is importantEnterprise & consumer use + Models & AI apps · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Enterprise & consumer use + Models & AI apps — Coding-agent usage on public GitHub
Why it matters
Coding agents are the first large-scale paid agent use; commit volume shows real delegated work driving token demand.
How representative
One agent (Claude Code) on public repositories, about 30% proxy; public repos are a minority of code, but the trend is a clean usage read.
Timing
Coincident — Commits occur as agents are used
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Public GitHub commits per week that carry a 'Co-Authored-By: Claude' trailer, from a third-party dashboard built on GitHub commit search.
Higher = more agent-written code shipped to public repositories.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in count:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
claudescode.dev daily series summed Mon-Sun
count
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous week
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Unit
count; change in %
Frequency
Weekly · latest period 2026-08-16 · recorded 2026-08-23
Scope
Global (public GitHub) · One agent (Claude Code) on public repositories only. Share of global total: 30% — Public repos are a minority of all code; one of several agents.
Importance 4: coding agents are the first large-scale paid agent use.
Signal / noise
2 / 5
SNR 2: bulk-automation bots cause single-day spikes.
Reliability
2 / 5
Reliability 2: third-party dashboard with a ~90-day window; not audited.
Scope
30%
Partial coverage.
Grade
1 / 5
0.4 × importance 4 + 0.3 × SNR 2 + 0.3 × reliability 2 = 2.80 → 2, capped at the weaker of SNR / reliability + 1 = 1
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026-08-16: 2,781,154
Compared with
2026-08-09: 2,619,538
Change
+6.2% · 4-wk vs prior 4-wk −17.8%
1-yr avg change
+4.8% per week (11 obs)
Momentum
Turned up
Driver
claudescode.dev daily series summed Mon-Sun: 161,616 (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-07-09Claude rewrote Bun's roughly one million lines of code in 11 days for $165,000, a large-scale example of Claude-authored commits. link ↗Indicator then: 05 Jul +101.6%
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding + Cloud & neoclouds · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding + Cloud & neoclouds — Hyperscaler capex vs operating cash
Why it matters
Shows whether AI capex is funded by cash flow or needs external debt; a rising ratio flags balance-sheet strain behind orders.
How representative
Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet, Meta, Oracle are about 70% of global AI data-center capex; whole-company figures include non-AI spend.
Timing
Coincident — Capex and cash flow reported same quarter
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Combined quarterly capex of Microsoft, Amazon, Alphabet, Meta and Oracle divided by their combined cash from operations, in percent.
Higher = AI build-out absorbs more internal cash; above 100% the five must borrow, lease or cut buybacks to keep spending.
Formula
Readingt = 80% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in %:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
S&P Capital IQ capital_expenditure / cash_from_operations; ORCL fiscal quarter mapped to calendar
%
80%
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
%; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-30
Scope
US · Five US hyperscalers, whole-company capex and cash from operations; Oracle fiscal quarters mapped to calendar quarters. Share of global total: 70% — About 70%: the five account for roughly 70% of global AI data-center capex.
Ratio 97.4% in 2026Q2 versus 72.2% in 2025Q4 and 34.8% at the 2023Q3 low.
ERecent news
2026-07-30Amazon raised 2026 capex to $220 billion, citing higher memory costs, after strong Q2 cloud results. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +3.6%
2026-07-29Meta's operating cash flow dropped sharply in Q2 as it doubled down on AI spending, lifting capex relative to cash from operations. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +3.6%
2026-07-29Microsoft raised its capital spending plans on demand, sending shares up 8%. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +3.6%
2026-07-22Alphabet raised its 2026 capex forecast again after a cloud-driven Q2 beat. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +3.6%
NVIDIA strategic stakes
NVIDIA long-term investments (strategic stakes in labs, neoclouds and AI ecosystem) · Funding · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding + AI chips & ASIC · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding + AI chips & ASIC — NVIDIA equity stakes in customers
Why it matters
NVIDIA funding its own customers (labs, neoclouds) supports GPU demand but adds circular-financing risk.
How representative
About 15% of AI-infra equity funding: one vendor's stakes in OpenAI, xAI, Anthropic, CoreWeave, Nebius and others; includes fair-value marks.
Timing
Leading — Investments precede the customers' GPU purchases
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
NVIDIA's balance-sheet long-term investments (equity stakes in labs, neoclouds and ecosystem companies) at fiscal quarter end, in USD billions.
Higher = NVIDIA is financing more of its own customers' demand; rapid growth signals rising circular funding risk.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD bn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
S&P Capital IQ long_term_investments; NVDA fiscal quarter
USD bn
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-20
Scope
Global · NVIDIA only; includes stakes such as OpenAI, xAI, Anthropic, CoreWeave, Nebius; carrying value includes fair-value marks. Share of global total: 15% — About 15%: one vendor's stakes versus total private and public AI-infra equity funding.
Single series: long-term investments $51.16B in 2026Q2, up from $43.36B in Q1 and $3.80B in 2025Q2.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: $51.2bn, +18.0% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +100.0% per quarter).
Growth slowed to 18% because the quarter netted a large outflow: inside the non-marketable book (up $5.6bn to $47.9bn), $4.9bn came from upward revaluations, so new cheques only slightly exceeded the stake that left the line.
SpaceX, which had absorbed xAI, listed on 12 Jun 2026, moving Nvidia's former xAI stake to marketable holdings; that position was worth about $21bn at end-June, and marketable equity rose $12.5bn to $42.8bn.
May-Jul money went to smaller ecosystem bets, not lab-sized rounds: leading Firmus's raise with roughly $500m-plus (Jul 2026) and backing switch-silicon startup Upscale's $190m round (Jun 2026), after about $17bn net added in Feb-Apr.
Watch the reported plan to buy up to $10bn of Anthropic's IPO and further lab IPOs: they would land in marketable securities and drain this line, while private-round repricing keeps adding mark-ups.
So what: Private plus listed stakes reached about $91bn versus $35bn in January, so Nvidia's customer-funding keeps rising even as this private-only line slows on IPO reclassification.
FRecent news
2026-08-15Nvidia disclosed equity stakes of about $50 billion in SpaceX and Intel, both exclusive chip buyers. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +18.0%
2026-08-12Nvidia's roughly $70 billion of stakes in OpenAI, Anthropic and other AI firms form the core of its growing long-term investments. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +18.0%
Equity is the first-loss capital under neocloud debt; raises fund GPU purchases and signal how open funding markets are.
How representative
Six listed neoclouds (CoreWeave, Nebius, IREN, Applied Digital, Cipher, TeraWulf), about 40% of neocloud equity funding; excludes private raises.
Timing
Leading — Raises precede GPU and capacity purchases
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Cash raised from common-stock issuance by CoreWeave, Nebius, IREN, Applied Digital, Cipher and TeraWulf in the quarter, in USD billions.
Higher = neoclouds are tapping an open equity window to fund GPU and data-center build; a drought signals the window has shut.
Formula
Xt = 80% × Vt
Readingt = Σj=0…3 Xt−jtrailing 4 quarters, recomputed every quarter
where V = the member's reported value in USD bn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
S&P Capital IQ issuance_of_common_stock; missing = 0; APLD May-FYE quarter mapped to calendar
USD bn
80%
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−4 − 1 this 4-quarter window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 1 observations
Unit
USD bn, trailing 4-quarter sum; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-20
Scope
US-listed · Six listed neoclouds / AI-hosting companies; excludes private neoclouds and CoreWeave pre-IPO preferred rounds; missing quarters counted as zero. Share of global total: 40% — About 40% of neocloud equity funding.
Comparison window
Auto-widened: compared as single quarters the reading swung by ±266% per quarter and kept reversing direction (noise cap 18%); trailing 4 quarters vs the 4 before cut that to ±24%
Importance 4: equity is the first-loss capital neoclouds need to raise debt against.
Signal / noise
3 / 5
SNR 3: lumpy, with single at-the-market programs or an IPO dominating a quarter.
Reliability
4 / 5
Reliability 4: filed cash-flow statements via S&P Capital IQ, but coverage of pre-2024 periods and fiscal-year mapping is imperfect.
Scope
40%
Covers about 40%, so a partial read of neocloud funding.
Grade
3 / 5
0.4 × importance 4 + 0.3 × SNR 3 + 0.3 × reliability 4 = 3.70 → 4, capped at the weaker of SNR / reliability + 1 = 3
DLine charts and numbers
Past 3 years — level (top) and change (bottom)
Latest
2026Q2: $13.6bn
Compared with
2025Q2: $3.0bn
Change
+346.6%
1-yr avg change
+346.6% per window (1 obs)
Momentum
Rising (slower)
Driver
S&P Capital IQ issuance_of_common_stock; missing = 0; APLD May-FYE quarter mapped to calendar: $7.0bn (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-19Nebius priced an upsized $5.0 billion convertible notes offering, with a debt-for-equity swap adding dilution. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +346.6%
BBB credit spread
US BBB corporate bond option-adjusted spread (ICE BofA, FRED BAMLC0A4CBBB) · Funding · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding — BBB credit cost for AI borrowers
Why it matters
Sets the price of debt for marginal investment-grade AI borrowers such as Oracle and lease issuers; wide spreads slow financing.
How representative
US BBB market overall, about 10% effective coverage; AI issuers are a growing minority and spreads move mainly on macro.
Timing
Coincident — Spreads reprice as markets move
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly average option-adjusted spread of the ICE BofA BBB US Corporate Index over Treasuries, in basis points.
Higher = costlier investment-grade debt for BBB-rated AI borrowers such as Oracle and data-center lease issuers.
Formula
Readingt = 10% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in bp:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
FRED BAMLC0A4CBBB, monthly average
bp
10%
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 12 observations
Unit
bp; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-08 · recorded 2026-09-01
Scope
US · Whole BBB US corporate market; not AI-specific. Share of global total: 10% — About 10%: AI-related issuers are a growing minority of BBB supply.
FRED BAMLC0A4CBBB, monthly average: 1.00 bp (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-07Alphabet's $25 billion bond sale drew over $100 billion in orders to fund AI spending. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +4.3%
2026-07-07AI-linked bond sales reached $220 billion as credit risk concerns grew. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 −3.1%
High-yield spread
US high-yield corporate bond option-adjusted spread (ICE BofA, FRED BAMLH0A0HYM2) · Funding · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding — High-yield credit cost for neoclouds
Why it matters
Sets the cost of debt for the most levered AI builders such as CoreWeave; wide spreads can shut off neocloud funding.
How representative
US high-yield market overall, about 10% effective coverage; neocloud bonds are a small, fast-growing share and spreads move mainly on macro.
Timing
Coincident — Spreads reprice as markets move
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly average option-adjusted spread of the ICE BofA US High Yield Index over Treasuries, in basis points.
Higher = costlier or closed high-yield market for neocloud borrowers such as CoreWeave, TeraWulf and Cipher.
Formula
Readingt = 10% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in bp:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
FRED BAMLH0A0HYM2, monthly average
bp
10%
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 12 observations
Unit
bp; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-08 · recorded 2026-09-01
Scope
US · Whole US high-yield market; not AI-specific. Share of global total: 10% — About 10%: neocloud and AI-hosting bonds are a small but fast-growing share of HY supply.
FRED BAMLH0A0HYM2, monthly average: -4.00 bp (100% of the change)
ERecent news
No specific event news found for this period.
US firms paying for AI (Ramp)
Ramp AI Index: share of US businesses with paid AI subscriptions (card + bill-pay) · Penetration · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantEnterprise & consumer use · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Enterprise & consumer use — US paid AI subscriptions, businesses
Why it matters
Paid subscriptions show businesses converting AI trials into spend, the revenue base that justifies upstream capex.
How representative
Ramp customers, about 20% of the global enterprise base (US SMB and mid-market, tech-leaning); card and bill-pay only.
Timing
Coincident — Payments occur as firms adopt
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Share of US businesses on Ramp's card and bill-pay platform that paid for at least one AI tool in the month.
Higher = more US firms paying for AI, measured from actual transactions rather than surveys.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in %:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
Ramp AI Index
%
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Unit
%; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-15
Scope
US · Ramp customers (US SMB and mid-market, tech-leaning); card and bill-pay only, so enterprise contracts paid by invoice elsewhere are missed. Share of global total: 20% — About 20% of the global enterprise base: US ~26% of world GDP, discounted for sample skew.
2026-09-06Ramp's AI Index showed paid AI adoption among US businesses at record levels in 2026, with Anthropic and OpenAI competing for share. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +1.4%
2026-08-19Ramp launched Router.com to help companies cut rising AI bills. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +1.4%
UK firms using AI (ONS)
UK businesses currently using AI (ONS BICS) · Penetration · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantEnterprise & consumer use · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Enterprise & consumer use — UK firm AI use, official survey
Why it matters
Official survey of how many firms use AI; a slow-moving, unbiased anchor against vendor-reported adoption figures.
How representative
UK is about 3% of the global enterprise base; small, but a weighted official sample of firms with 10+ employees.
Timing
Lagging — Survey is quarterly and self-reported
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Share of UK businesses (10+ staff) that currently use any AI technology, from the ONS fortnightly business survey.
Higher = broader enterprise adoption in the UK.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in %:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
ONS BICS AI Current Usage time series
%
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
%; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-17
Scope
UK · ONS BICS weighted estimate for trading UK businesses with 10+ employees; AI question every 6th wave (~quarterly). Share of global total: 3% — About 3% of the global enterprise base (UK share of world GDP).
28.9% vs 25.9% in Q1 (+3.0pt) and 20.5% in 2025Q2 (+8.4pt over a year).
ERecent news
2026-07-22ONS data show UK business AI adoption has tripled since 2023 but barely deepened, with most firms using it in limited ways. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +11.6%
2026-07-21ONS-based data suggest small UK businesses have not expanded AI use in recent years, leaving growth concentrated in larger firms. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +11.6%
2026-07-20The ONS published its 2023-to-2026 review of AI use in UK businesses, based on the BICS survey. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +11.6%
AWhy it is importantEnterprise & consumer use + Models & AI apps · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Enterprise & consumer use + Models & AI apps — Enterprise AI platform revenue
Why it matters
Palantir's commercial revenue shows enterprises paying for deployed AI applications, not just experimenting.
How representative
About 5% of estimated enterprise generative-AI application and platform spend; one vendor, includes pre-AI Foundry revenue; US about 75%.
Timing
Coincident — Revenue recognised as deployments run
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Quarterly revenue Palantir earns from commercial (non-government) customers, now driven by its AI platform AIP.
Higher = enterprises paying to run AI in production workflows, not just pilots.
Formula
Readingt = 70% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD mn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
CIQ Commercial segment revenue; ~70% attributed to AIP-led AI deployments
USD mn
70%
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
USD mn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-03
Scope
Global (US ~75%) · One vendor's commercial segment; includes pre-AI Foundry revenue. Share of global total: 5% — About 5% of est. enterprise genAI application and platform spend.
AWhy it is importantMaterials & passives · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Materials & passives — Copper-clad laminate for AI boards
Why it matters
Every GPU board and switch is built on low-loss laminate; a shortage caps server and switch output.
How representative
Taiwan trio ~45% of high-end CCL; Elite Material supplies most NVIDIA GB-series and 800G-switch laminate.
Timing
Leading — Laminate ships 1-2 months before boards
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of Taiwan's three copper-clad laminate makers, weighted by their AI-server and switch share.
Higher = more low-loss laminate going into AI server and switch boards.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Elite Material
TWD k
60%
75%
V2
ITEQ (6213)
TWD k
30%
10%
V3
Taiwan Union Technology
TWD k
40%
15%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Elite Material, ITEQ, Taiwan Union monthly revenue x AI share; Doosan, Panasonic and mainland makers excluded. Share of global total: 45% — ~45% of global high-end CCL value; Elite Material alone holds most AI GPU-board and 800G-switch laminate.
Comparison window
Monthly Taiwan revenue is lumpy (shipment timing, Lunar New Year); 3 months vs the prior 3 months (v6)
Each accelerator package needs a large ABF substrate; supply limits package output after CoWoS.
How representative
Taiwan trio ~35-40% of ABF capacity; AI only ~1/3 of their sales, so a partial but timely read.
Timing
Leading — Substrates ship before package assembly
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of Taiwan's three ABF substrate makers, weighted by their AI GPU / ASIC share.
Higher = more ABF substrates shipped for AI accelerator packages.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Unimicron
TWD k
35%
55%
V2
Kinsus
TWD k
30%
15%
V3
Nan Ya PCB
TWD k
30%
30%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Unimicron, Kinsus, Nan Ya PCB monthly revenue x AI share; Ibiden, SEMCO, Shinko, AT&S excluded. Share of global total: 35% — ~35-40% of global ABF substrate capacity; AI GPU / ASIC substrates are the fastest-growing slice.
Comparison window
Monthly Taiwan revenue is lumpy (shipment timing, Lunar New Year); 3 months vs the prior 3 months (v6)
2026-08-11TSMC warned ABF substrates will become the next bottleneck in advanced packaging as the CoWoS capacity gap narrows. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +16.8%
2026-08-10Taiwan's printed circuit board makers posted record monthly sales on AI server demand. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +16.8%
2026-07-25The ABF substrate supply-demand gap could reach 29% by 2028, and brokers raised target prices for Unimicron, Nan Ya PCB and Kinsus. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +15.4%
AWhy it is importantMaterials & passives · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Materials & passives — MLCC and resistors (Taiwan)
Why it matters
AI servers carry several times the capacitor count of a normal server; tight passives delay boards.
How representative
Yageo + Walsin ~18% of MLCC value; AI ~10-15% of sales, so small but it shows the passive-component cycle turning.
Timing
Coincident — Passives ship with board builds
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of Yageo and Walsin Technology, Taiwan's two MLCC and passive-component makers.
Higher = firmer passive-component demand and pricing.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Yageo (2327)
TWD k
15%
80%
V2
Walsin Technology (2492)
TWD k
10%
20%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Yageo (incl. Kemet, Pulse) and Walsin Technology monthly revenue x AI share. Share of global total: 15% — ~18% of global MLCC value; AI servers are ~10-15% of their sales, so this is a cycle read with an AI tilt.
Comparison window
Monthly Taiwan revenue is lumpy (shipment timing, Lunar New Year); 3 months vs the prior 3 months (v6)
AWhy it is importantMaterials & passives · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Materials & passives — Server PCB, copper foil, glass cloth
Why it matters
HVLP foil and low-Dk glass cloth are the scarcest CCL inputs; their makers show the bottleneck first.
How representative
~20% of the high-end input chain; small firms, but they sit directly on the AI board bottleneck.
Timing
Leading — Inputs lead laminate by 1-2 months
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of Gold Circuit (AI server PCB), Co-Tech (HVLP copper foil) and Fulltech (glass cloth), weighted by AI share.
Higher = more AI server boards and their copper-foil / glass-cloth inputs.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Gold Circuit Electronics
TWD k
60%
65%
V2
Co-Tech
TWD k
50%
20%
V3
Fulltech (1815)
TWD k
40%
15%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Non-USD members are converted at the month-average FX rate before summing.
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
USD mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Gold Circuit, Co-Tech, Fulltech monthly revenue x AI share. Share of global total: 20% — ~20% of the high-end AI board input chain; Japan's Nittobo T-glass is tracked separately.
Comparison window
Monthly Taiwan revenue is lumpy (shipment timing, Lunar New Year); 3 months vs the prior 3 months (v6)
Gold Circuit Electronics: $47mn (95% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-10Taiwan PCB makers posted record monthly sales for July on AI-server demand, lifting Gold Circuit and its material suppliers. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +27.2%
MLCC Inventory Days
MLCC makers days of inventory (inventory / quarterly COGS x 91): Murata, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, TDK, Taiyo Yuden, Yageo · Semicon Upstream Supply · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantMaterials & passives · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Materials & passives — MLCC maker inventory
Why it matters
Inventory is the buffer between MLCC demand and price; falling days signal a coming shortage.
How representative
Five makers ~75% of MLCC value; whole-company inventory, so AI is a minority of what it measures.
Timing
Leading — Inventory runs down before prices rise
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Days of inventory at the five largest MLCC makers: inventory divided by quarterly cost of goods sold, times 91.
Readingt = Σi ( weighti × Vi,t ) weights re-scaled to the members present
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Murata
days
—
40%
V2
Samsung Electro-Mechanics
days
—
20%
V3
TDK
days
—
15%
V4
Taiyo Yuden
days
—
15%
V5
Yageo
days
—
10%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
days; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-13
Scope
Global · Murata, Samsung Electro-Mechanics, TDK, Taiyo Yuden, Yageo; whole-company inventory, so batteries (TDK) and other lines are mixed in. Share of global total: 75% — ~75% of global MLCC value.
2026-08-18High-end MLCC lead times stretched to 5-10 months, with tightness possibly lasting into 2027, keeping supplier inventories lean. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 −1.4%
2026-07-29Taiyo Yuden raised MLCC prices as AI demand tightened supply. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 −1.4%
2026-07-28Samsung Electro-Mechanics planned a 30% MLCC price hike from August amid the AI supply crunch. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 −1.4%
CCL & Substrate Inv. Days
CCL and substrate makers days of inventory (inventory / quarterly COGS x 91): Elite Material, ITEQ, Taiwan Union, Ibiden, Unimicron · Semicon Upstream Supply · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantMaterials & passives · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Materials & passives — Laminate and substrate inventory
Why it matters
Shows whether makers are stocking scarce foil and glass cloth ahead of AI board demand.
How representative
Covers ~45% of high-end CCL and ABF value; whole-company inventory including raw materials.
Timing
Leading — Input stocking precedes shipments
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Days of inventory at the Taiwan CCL trio plus Ibiden and Unimicron: inventory divided by quarterly COGS, times 91.
Lower = laminate and substrate selling out of stock; rising with revenue = stocking inputs ahead of demand.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( weighti × Vi,t ) weights re-scaled to the members present
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Elite Material
days
—
35%
V2
ITEQ
days
—
10%
V3
Taiwan Union Technology
days
—
15%
V4
Ibiden (ABF for NVIDIA)
days
—
20%
V5
Unimicron
days
—
20%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
days; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-11
Scope
Taiwan and Japan · Elite Material, ITEQ, Taiwan Union, Ibiden, Unimicron; whole-company inventory incl. copper foil and glass cloth. Share of global total: 40% — ~45% of high-end CCL and ~45% of ABF value.
Elite Material 30.0 to 24.1 days since Q4-25; TUC 17.8 to 13.7 in Q2; Ibiden 15.8 to 17.9 and ITEQ 6.7 to 7.4 rose.
EWhy it moved
What changed.2026Q2: 74.67 days, −6.8% vs 2026Q1 (1-yr average +3.5% per quarter).
The weighted inventory days fell about 5.5 days to 74.7, and Elite Material (-4.5) and Taiwan Union (-4.1) supplied roughly three-quarters of the gross member move, partly offset by a +2.1-day build at Ibiden.
Elite Material raised CCL prices by up to 25% in March 2026 and Q2 revenue rose about 43% q/q to a record, so cost of sales grew far faster than stock on hand.
Taiwan Union's Q2 revenue also rose about 42% q/q on the same price hikes and AI-server material demand, with record quarterly profit, draining inventory days as plants ran near full.
Ibiden's days rose even as its April-June quarter beat and it raised full-year guidance on AI substrate demand; a renewed rise across the CCL names would signal capacity catching up with demand.
So what: Falling inventory days while CCL monthly revenue kept setting records in July-August point to tight supply, not a demand pause; watch whether new Thai capacity rebuilds stock.
FRecent news
2026-08-31South Korea's CCL exports jumped 42% as the AI infrastructure boom spread across the supply chain. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 −6.8%
2026-08-03Elite Material became the world's largest CCL maker as AI servers reshaped supply, tightening inventory. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 −6.8%
Copper Price
Global copper price (IMF via FRED PCOPPUSDM), monthly average · Semicon Upstream Supply · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantMaterials & passives · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Materials & passives — Copper (CCL and cable input)
Why it matters
Copper foil is 30-40% of laminate cost and copper drives cabling and busbar cost in data centres.
How representative
Global benchmark price; AI is a small share of copper demand, so it is a cost read, not demand.
Timing
Coincident — Spot price passes through within 1-2 months
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly average global copper price (IMF benchmark, USD per metric ton).
Higher = higher cost for copper foil, laminates and power cabling.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD/t:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
FRED PCOPPUSDM
USD/t
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Unit
USD/t; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-09-05
Scope
Global · IMF primary commodity price series via FRED. Share of global total: 95% — Global benchmark; AI data centres are a small but rising share of copper demand.
2026-08-14US copper imports hit a 12-year high, cutting LME stocks 14% and raising delivery premiums. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 −0.1%
2026-08-05Copper set a fresh US record as tariff-driven hoarding met shrinking supply. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 −0.1%
US PPI Bare PCBs
US PPI bare printed circuit board manufacturing (BLS PCU334412334412) · Semicon Upstream Supply · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantMaterials & passives · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Materials & passives — Bare PCB prices (US)
Why it matters
Board price is where laminate, foil and glass-cloth cost increases finally reach server makers.
How representative
US boards are a small share of world output; useful as the only monthly official board price, i.e. a direction read.
Timing
Lagging — Board prices follow input costs
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
US producer price index for bare printed circuit boards.
Higher = board makers passing through laminate, copper-foil and glass-cloth cost increases.
Formula
Readingt = Vt
where V = the member's reported value in index:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
BLS PPI series via FRED
index
—
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Unit
index; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-15
Scope
US · US-made bare PCBs (BLS survey). Share of global total: 10% — ~5-10% of global PCB output; used as a price read, since Asian board prices are not published monthly.
2026-08-10Taiwan PCB makers posted record monthly sales on AI-server demand. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +1.4%
2026-07-06Kingboard Laminates issued another price hike of up to 15%, with the AI-driven PCB material rally possibly extending into 2027. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +22.2%
AWhy it is importantNetworking & optics · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Networking & optics — Optical laser and fiber parts
Why it matters
Laser chips and WDM parts sit one step upstream of the module makers, so their revenue shows component pull before module revenue.
How representative
About 5% proxy: five Taiwan suppliers, upstream of Innolight / Eoptolink, which together hold about 40% of the module market.
Timing
Leading — Parts ship ahead of finished modules
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of five Taiwan optical-component suppliers (Browave, Luxnet, FOCI, Alltop, LandMark), summed, in NT$ mn.
Higher = more lasers, laser epi wafers and fiber / WDM components shipped for AI optical modules; lower = module makers drawing down inventory.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Browave monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
20%
V2
Luxnet monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
20%
V3
FOCI monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
20%
V4
Alltop monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
20%
V5
LandMark Optoelectronics monthly revenue
NT$ mn
100%
20%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
NT$ mn; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Laser epi (LandMark), VCSEL / laser chips (Luxnet), WDM and passive parts (Browave, FOCI), fiber assemblies (Alltop). Share of global total: 5% — About 5% (proxy): a Taiwan niche, upstream of the module makers in the optics revenue indicator.
Alltop monthly revenue (FinMind): 98.90 NT$ mn (36% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-09-01Luxnet is eyeing orders through 2028 and expects data-center-interconnect revenue to double in 2027. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +21.3%
2026-08-26Luxnet posted July EPS of NT$0.92, with the month's profit reaching 70% of the prior quarter's total. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +21.3%
2026-08-14NVIDIA's optical partners said CPO mass-production timing is unchanged, with revenue recognition starting next year. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +21.3%
Every GPU rack needs more cabling and connectors; the revenue tracks rack builds one step ahead of server ODM shipments.
How representative
About 10% proxy: four Taiwan names; BizLink alone is a top-three supplier of active electrical cables to Nvidia racks.
Timing
Coincident — Ships alongside rack assembly
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of four Taiwan interconnect suppliers (BizLink, Singatron, Lotes, Liang Wei), summed, in NT$ mn.
Higher = more server cables, connectors and active electrical cables shipped into AI racks.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
BizLink monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
40%
V2
Singatron monthly revenue
NT$ mn
100%
20%
V3
Lotes monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
25%
V4
Liang Wei monthly revenue
NT$ mn
100%
15%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
NT$ mn; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Active electrical cables and cooling couplings (BizLink), server and automotive harnesses (Singatron), CPU sockets and high-speed connectors (Lotes), server cables (Liang Wei). Share of global total: 10% — About 10% (proxy): four Taiwan names beside US and Japanese interconnect leaders.
AWhy it is importantServers & ODM · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Servers & ODM — Server chassis and racks
Why it matters
Chassis and rack shipments are an early physical read on GPU-server builds before ODM revenue is booked.
How representative
About 5% proxy: two Taiwan names, small beside the ODMs, but chassis orders lead assembly by weeks.
Timing
Leading — Enclosures are ordered before servers are assembled
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of Chenbro and AIC, two Taiwan server-chassis specialists, summed, in NT$ mn.
Higher = more AI server chassis and storage enclosures shipped to ODMs and cloud customers.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Chenbro monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
60%
V2
AIC monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
40%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
NT$ mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Chenbro: server and GPU-server chassis, liquid-cooling-ready enclosures; AIC: storage and GPU servers, chassis. Share of global total: 5% — About 5% (proxy): two small names.
Comparison window
Auto-widened: compared as single months the reading swung by ±21% per month and kept reversing direction (noise cap 12%); trailing 3 months vs the 3 before cut that to ±7%
BMC chips go into every server and retimers into every GPU board, so revenue gives a unit-level read ahead of ODM sales.
How representative
About 15% proxy: ASPEED has a dominant BMC share; Parade and ASMedia add interface chips; mix of AI and non-AI demand.
Timing
Leading — Chips ship a quarter ahead of finished servers
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of ASPEED, Parade and ASMedia, summed, in NT$ mn.
Higher = more server BMC chips and high-speed interface silicon shipped, an early read on server builds.
Formula
Xt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
Readingt = Σj=0…2 Xt−jtrailing 3 months, recomputed every month
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
ASPEED monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
30%
V2
Parade monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
40%
V3
ASMedia monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
30%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−3 − 1 this 3-month window vs the previous, non-overlapping one
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months (non-overlapping windows only) 4 observations
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
NT$ mn, trailing 3-month sum; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · BMC controllers (ASPEED), PCIe / DisplayPort retimers (Parade), USB and PCIe bridges (ASMedia). Share of global total: 15% — About 15% (proxy) of server-interface silicon value.
Comparison window
Auto-widened: compared as single months the reading swung by ±13% per month and kept reversing direction (noise cap 12%); trailing 3 months vs the 3 before cut that to ±2%
ASPEED monthly revenue (FinMind): 245 NT$ mn (159% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-09-04Aspeed will raise prices by double digits in Q4, and next year's order backlog already exceeds this year's revenue. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +3.8%
2026-08-05Parade's retimer line reached 15% of Q2 revenue, though OSAT price hikes cut gross margin to 40.2%. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +3.8%
2026-07-30Aspeed expects AI-server demand to drive growth through 2027. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +1.9%
AWhy it is importantMemory & storage · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Memory & storage — Commodity DRAM and flash makers
Why it matters
Taiwan memory makers sell at spot-linked prices, so monthly revenue is a fast read on how tight DRAM and NOR are.
How representative
About 5% proxy of global memory revenue; small but their pricing is spot-linked and reported monthly, unlike the big three.
Timing
Leading — Spot-linked pricing moves before quarterly contract resets
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly revenue of Nanya, Winbond and Macronix, summed, in NT$ mn, as a read on commodity memory pricing.
Higher = memory contract prices and volumes rising; lower = the shortage easing or buyers drawing down inventory.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
Nanya monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
50%
V2
Winbond monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
30%
V3
Macronix monthly revenue (FinMind)
NT$ mn
100%
20%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Flow series: a period counts only when every member has reported (no carry-forward).
Unit
NT$ mn; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
Taiwan-listed · Nanya (DDR4 / DDR5 DRAM), Winbond (specialty DRAM and NOR), Macronix (NOR and NAND). Share of global total: 5% — About 5% (proxy) of global memory revenue.
Nanya monthly revenue (FinMind): 14,479 NT$ mn (68% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-06Nanya unveiled a US$10.7 billion Fab 5A plan through 2029 targeting EUV 10nm-class DRAM. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 +37.6%
2026-07-10Nanya's Q2 gross margin hit 79.5% on surging DRAM prices, and it plans to quadruple 2027 capex to $6.2 billion. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +5.6%
2026-07-09Macronix and Winbond posted record June revenue as memory prices stayed firm. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +5.6%
US semi output (IP)
US industrial production: semiconductors and other electronic components (Federal Reserve G.17, IPG3344S) · Downstream HW: Semi & ODM · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantFoundry & packaging · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Foundry & packaging — US chip and component output
Why it matters
Volume of US semiconductor production shows whether supply is expanding as AI demand pulls.
How representative
About 15% proxy: US fabs and component plants; Taiwan and Korea are not covered.
Timing
Coincident — Output is current production
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Federal Reserve industrial production index for semiconductors and other electronic components (2017=100).
Higher = more US chips and electronic components produced; a supply-side read.
Formula
Readingt = 15% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in index:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
FRED IPG3344S, monthly
index
15%
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 11 observations
Unit
index; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-07 · recorded 2026-08-17
Scope
US · NAICS 3344 domestic output, volume-based. Share of global total: 15% — About 15% (proxy) of global semiconductor production.
BLS average price data, monthly: −$0.00 (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-19Colorado regulators approved an Xcel Energy rate increase adding about $5 a month to residential electric bills from Aug. 29. link ↗Indicator then: Jul-26 −0.5%
2026-07-20PJM's market monitor found data centers drove $6.3B of capacity auction costs, feeding higher US power bills. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +1.0%
2026-07-14PJM's capacity auction cleared 138,318 MW at the price cap again, with data-center load pushing up grid power costs. link ↗Indicator then: Jun-26 +1.0%
US IT equipment investment
US private fixed investment in information-processing equipment, SAAR (BEA, FRED Y033RC1Q027SBEA) · Funding · Grade 4
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding + Cloud & neoclouds · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding + Cloud & neoclouds — National-accounts IT capex
Why it matters
Shows how much of AI spending is real equipment investment in US GDP, not announced plans.
How representative
About 30% proxy of global IT hardware investment; US only.
Timing
Coincident — Booked when equipment is delivered
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
BEA private fixed investment in information-processing equipment, seasonally adjusted at annual rates, in USD bn.
Higher = more US capital spending on computers, servers and networking hardware.
Formula
Readingt = 30% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in USD bn:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
FRED Y033RC1Q027SBEA, SAAR
USD bn
30%
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous quarter
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
USD bn; change in %
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-07-30
Scope
US · Computers, peripherals, communications equipment, medical and other information-processing equipment. Share of global total: 30% — About 30% (proxy) of global IT hardware investment.
FRED Y033RC1Q027SBEA, SAAR: $85.7bn (100% of the change)
ERecent news
2026-08-02Amazon raised its 2026 AI capex to $220B and said capacity will not meet demand through 2027. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +4.7%
2026-07-30US second-quarter GDP growth slowed to 1.5% in the first estimate, with AI-related equipment investment offsetting weakness elsewhere. link ↗Indicator then: 2Q26 +4.7%
LLM SDK npm downloads
npm weekly downloads of the OpenAI and Anthropic JavaScript SDKs · Penetration · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantModels & AI apps + Enterprise & consumer use · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Models & AI apps + Enterprise & consumer use — Developer SDK adoption
Why it matters
Developers install the SDK before tokens flow, so downloads lead production usage of the model APIs.
How representative
About 20% proxy: JavaScript SDKs of two leading labs.
Timing
Leading — Integration precedes token volume
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Weekly npm downloads of the openai and @anthropic-ai/sdk packages, summed.
Higher = more developers and pipelines integrating frontier model APIs.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
openai npm package
downloads/wk
100%
50%
V2
@anthropic-ai/sdk npm package
downloads/wk
100%
50%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous week
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 52 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
downloads/wk; change in %
Frequency
Weekly · latest period 2026-08-30 · recorded 2026-09-01
Scope
Global · JavaScript SDK installs of OpenAI and Anthropic. Share of global total: 20% — About 20% (proxy) of developer API usage.
openai npm package: 5,229,299 downloads/wk (52% of the change)
ERecent news
No specific event news found for this period.
AI framework npm downloads
npm weekly downloads of AI application frameworks: LangChain and the Vercel AI SDK · Penetration · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantModels & AI apps + Enterprise & consumer use · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Models & AI apps + Enterprise & consumer use — AI app-building frameworks
Why it matters
Framework installs show how many teams are building products on top of model APIs.
How representative
About 15% proxy: two JavaScript frameworks.
Timing
Leading — Building precedes deployment and usage
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Weekly npm downloads of langchain and the Vercel AI SDK (ai), summed.
Higher = more teams building LLM applications and agents in JavaScript.
Formula
Readingt = Σi ( AI sharei × Vi,t )
where V = the member's reported value in its native unit, and i runs over the members below:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V1
langchain npm package
downloads/wk
100%
15%
V2
ai
downloads/wk
100%
85%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous week
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 52 observations
A member that has not reported yet re-uses its last value for up to one period (flagged in the hover); a period counts only with ≥80% of the weight present.
Unit
downloads/wk; change in %
Frequency
Weekly · latest period 2026-08-30 · recorded 2026-09-01
Scope
Global · Two application frameworks, JavaScript. Share of global total: 15% — About 15% (proxy) of AI-app framework usage.
2026-07-13Oracle added LangChain ecosystem support for memory, persistence and Deep Agents on Oracle AI Database, extending enterprise reach for LangChain. link ↗Indicator then: 12 Jul +17.4%
2026-07-08Globant and Vercel formed a strategic alliance to move enterprises from agentic AI pilots to production, expanding Vercel AI SDK adoption. link ↗Indicator then: 05 Jul −3.9%
Bank C&I lending standards
Fed SLOOS: net % of banks tightening standards on C&I loans to large and middle-market firms (FRED DRTSCILM) · Funding · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding — Bank lending standards for large firms
Why it matters
Bank credit lines and term loans fund data-centre developers, neoclouds and suppliers alongside bonds.
How representative
All US bank C&I lending to large and mid-sized firms; AI builders are roughly 10% in effect, so it reads lender mood rather than AI volume.
Timing
Leading — Standards tighten 2-3 quarters before loan growth slows
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Share of US banks tightening minus easing their standards for commercial and industrial loans to large and middle-market firms (Fed SLOOS).
Higher = banks more selective about corporate lending, including to AI builders and their suppliers.
Formula
Readingt = 10% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in net % tightening:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
FRED DRTSCILM
net % tightening
10%
100%
Changet = Readingt − Readingt−1percentage points: the level is itself a growth rate
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
net % tightening; change in percentage points
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
US · All US bank C&I lending to large and mid-sized firms; not AI-specific. Share of global total: 10% — About 10%: AI data-centre developers, neoclouds and suppliers are a small but growing share of large-firm bank credit.
FRED DRTSCILM: -8.10 net % tightening (100% of the change)
ERecent news
No specific event news found for this period.
Bank construction-loan standards
Fed SLOOS: net % of banks tightening standards on construction and land development loans (FRED SUBLPDRCSC) · Funding · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding + Data centres & colo · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding + Data centres & colo — Bank construction-loan standards
Why it matters
Construction loans carry data-centre shells until leases are signed and the project is refinanced.
How representative
All US bank construction and land loans; data centres are a minority, about 10% in effect.
Timing
Leading — Tighter construction credit delays starts 2-4 quarters later
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Share of US banks tightening minus easing their standards for construction and land development loans (Fed SLOOS).
Higher = banks pulling back from construction loans, the book that funds data-centre shells before long-term financing.
Formula
Readingt = 10% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in net % tightening:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
FRED SUBLPDRCSC
net % tightening
10%
100%
Changet = Readingt − Readingt−1percentage points: the level is itself a growth rate
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 4 observations
Unit
net % tightening; change in percentage points
Frequency
Quarterly · latest period 2026Q2 · recorded 2026-08-10
Scope
US · US bank construction and land development lending; data centres are a minority of it. Share of global total: 10% — About 10%: data-centre construction is a fast-growing but minor slice of US construction lending.
FRED SUBLPDRCSC: -8.60 net % tightening (100% of the change)
ERecent news
No specific event news found for this period.
CCC spread
US CCC-and-lower corporate bond option-adjusted spread (ICE BofA, FRED BAMLH0A3HYC) · Funding · Grade 3
AWhy it is importantCapital & funding · where it sits on the AI supply chain and how much of that link it covers
Position
Capital & funding — Cost of credit for the weakest borrowers
Why it matters
The most levered AI builders refinance in this tier; widening shuts them out first.
How representative
US CCC-and-lower market overall, about 10% effective AI coverage; neocloud and project debt is a small, rising share.
Timing
Leading — CCC spreads widen before BBB / HY when lenders turn selective
BDefinition & Formuladefinition, formula, unit, frequency, scope
Definition
Monthly average option-adjusted spread of the ICE BofA US CCC & Lower index over Treasuries, in basis points.
Higher = lenders demanding more from the weakest borrowers, where stretched AI builders price first.
Formula
Readingt = 10% × Vt
where V = the member's reported value in bp:
Term
Member (reported series)
Native unit
AI share
Weight
V
FRED BAMLH0A3HYC, monthly average
bp
10%
100%
Changet = Readingt ÷ Readingt−1 − 1 vs the previous month
1-yr average = mean of Change over the past 12 months 12 observations
Unit
bp; change in %
Frequency
Monthly · latest period 2026-08 · recorded 2026-09-01
Scope
US · Riskiest tier of the US high-yield market; not AI-specific. Share of global total: 10% — About 10%: neocloud, AI-hosting miner and project-SPV debt is a small but rising share of low-rated issuance.